Plato and Crito Essay Example for Free

Plato and Crito Essay In Plato’s Crito, Crito attempts to persuade Socrates to flee from his death sentence. However, Crito fails because Socrates presents a counter argument which invalidates much of Crito’s original pleas. Despite this, a fallacy of justice may have been created. Even so, the Republic’s conception of justice seems to have little impact on Socrates’ existing ideas on justice. The first argument presented is the fact that the majority will look down upon Crito and others for not preventing Socrates death; they will find it to be a â€Å"shameful thing both for you and for us† because it seems â€Å"that [Crito] let the opportunity slip because of some vice, such as cowardice† (46a). Another reason which he presents to Socrates is that Crito and the others are â€Å"justified in running the risk† of â€Å"further penalty† for helping him to flee from execution† (44e). While Socrates says that he fears for them, Crito goes on to elaborate that even the sum of money to help him escape is overall â€Å"not large† (45a). He expounds further that people are willing to support him wherever he might go (45c). Next, Crito goes on to mention Socrates two sons; Crito feels that by being executed when there is a possibility to escape, he is â€Å"betraying those sons† (45c), that â€Å"one ought to see their upbringing and education through to the end† (45d). Overall, Crito feels that Socrates would be â€Å"throwing away [his] life†, which would ultimately set him in his enemies own wishes instead of his own (45c). Socrates starts his counter arguments by stating that he cannot just start rejecting the arguments that he had stated before just because of his current, unfortunate situation (46b). Because of this, he begins an examination of the arguments presented by Crito. Socrates states that the majority’s opinion is not what matters because it is not well informed, but rather it is the opinion of â€Å"the person who understands just and unjust things† (48a) that is the most valid opinion to follow. To conclude this section of his argument, Socrates proposes that â€Å"the most important thing isn’t living, but living well†, which he says is the same as living justly (48b). So, by this logic, the concerns that Crito had should be determined just or unjust for Socrates to escape when he had not been acquitted. Socrates reasons that â€Å"doing injustice in any circumstances is bad† and therefore â€Å"one should never do injustice† (49b), â€Å"no matter what one has suffered at [injustice’s] hands† (49c). He further explains through his use of the Laws that violating the contract of the city (his â€Å"deeds† within it [52d]) is only going to undermine the laws in such a way that he would indeed be held to his original charges of corruption (53c). He concludes his argument by stating that in the afterlife, Socrates will have â€Å"all this to offer as [his] defense to the authorities there† (54b). Overall, these arguments that Socrates puts forth are generally sound. However, one overarching theme that could be debated is the conception of being just by submitting to the laws. In many ways, it could be said that Martin Luther King Jr. by resisting the unjust established laws he was himself being unjust and would ultimately end up leading to a worse society. It seems obvious, however, that his actions made a positive difference to the world. Perhaps if Socrates resisted, he could have changed the unjust laws to make them just in such a way the city more just. Crito may have been right when he said that Socrates was giving in – his full potential would ultimately never be realized. If one was to attempt to define the justness of Socrates actions here by using Plato’s Republic, then it may seem that there may be a series of different arguments for justice. However, it is my own conclusion that none of the arguments for the definition of justice in the Republic would really influence Socrates in the slightest. After all, Socrates has already said he would not reject any previous arguments, all of which made in Crito are to be considered previous arguments, so it could be inferred that Plato, as the writer of the Crito, used his ideas of justice as the foundation for the dialog and eventually the Republic. Even the case of supplementary information, justice is explained in part in the Republic as â€Å"doing one’s own work† (433b). Socrates indeed did his own work and was just, but this does not address justice in an unjust city where one’s own work might be considered to be unjust. Further, the three virtues of the soul, moderation, courageousness, and wisdom (435b), were also fulfilled to some extent. Even more, by the classes of the people in the city (435c-441c), it could be said that Socrates followed his class assignment in the just city, but this is not a correlation to Athens, a city with a different class structure. Largely, the expanded view of justice is just more refinement of the original view of justice presented all throughout Plato’s dialogs. Expanded or not, the base remains the same and so it follows that Socrates’ arguments against Crito are relatively the same, even in light of the Republic. All said, Socrates arguments in response to Crito seem to be mostly plausible. Despite the world losing a skillful philosopher, at least the laws and justice of the city were upheld and Socrates therefore lived a just life, regardless of his sentence.

Copper as a Valuable Resource Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Copper as a Valuable Resource Introduction: Copper is a valuable resource whose intricate steps from initially a raw product to ultimately the final product may be traced. The life of copper can be followed from its extraction, processing, and disposal. All of these steps, including the wastes produced, have an impact on human life and the environment. The developments of resources, such as copper, have helped change history. The environmental impacts of these changes may also be felt. Thus, it is important to understand the in’s and out’s of the process. By doing this, it is possible to see what resources and what waste products come out of this resource. Only then, can proper methods be taken to manage this resource properly. Resource Source: Copper is an important mineral resource used in many different areas. Its properties of high ductility, malleability, and thermal and electrical conductivity, as well as its resistance to corrosion, make copper very useful as a major industrial metal (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/copper). Copper can be refined from metal ores or scrap copper so it can be used as a powder in automotive, aerospace, electrical equipment, in –fouling compounds, and various chemicals and medical processes. Compounds of copper can be found in fungicides, wood preservatives, copper plating, pigments, electronic applications, and specialized chemicals. It can be produced either as a primary product or as a co-product of gold, lead, zinc, or silver (http://nuclear.hazard.uiuc.edu/packets/primmetals/chapter5.htm). Following after steel and aluminum, copper is ranked third in world metal consumption. In 1990, the major copper-consuming nations we... .../how/howdo3.htm). Introduction to the Hydrometallurgical Process. Retrieved (1/29/02), (http://teach.eac.cc.az.us/pmcbride/HTML%20Presentation%20folder). Mining Technology-WMC Copper- Uranium Mine- Olympic Dam- South Australia. Retrieved 2/11/02 from the World Wide Web: http://www.mining-technology. Com/projects/Olympic/. National Slag Association: Iron and Steel Slag Uses. Retrieved 3/5/02 from the World Wide Web: http://www.nationalslagassoc.org/uses.html. Newly Mined Copper: Why Do We Need It? Retrieved 3/5/02 from the World Wide Web: http://innovations.copper.org/199810/virgincopper.html. Production, Import, Use, and Disposal. Retrieved 3/5/02 from the World Wide Web: http://www.astdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp132-c4.pdf. TVA: Copper Basin Reclamation. Retrieved 2/11/02 from the World Wide Web: http://www.tva.gov/environment/land/coppper.htm.

And The Band Played On Essay

And The Band Played On, is a movie which tells the story of the beginning of AIDS (HIV disease). In the movie we are able to see first-hand the scientific and political aspect of the disease, as well as a few stories of those who died from the disease. Right from the beginning of the movie, it can be inferred that Don Francis is a passionate man, and was greatly changed by his visit to Africa. Therefore, the passion with which he works to figure out how AIDS (HIV disease) works, is nothing unexpected. And the ways in which he spreads his passion, for example when his outburst in the meeting with the blood bank industry leaders, shows again how much he truly cares. My personal opinion about his outburst is that he was right to speak up, to speak the truth, to speak exactly what needed to be said. While it was not very diplomatic of him to shout at them, Don is just such a passionate person that he could not contain himself. After the outbreak, Jim told him that his little outburst had cost the CDC credibility and made them seem childish, which I can understand where he is coming from, as Jim was in charge of the political aspect of everything that came from the CDC. For Jim this probably caused him many problems, but regardless of a ny consequences, what Don said was true. The blood banks were too focused on making money and not about the care for their patients, they wanted to play the numbers game, claiming that the cost was too high and would only save a small number of people. Don realized what was happening and called them out on it, to the point of humiliation almost. The American governments stand on the issue of HIV/AIDS was honestly stupid as can be. While the disease was strictly in gay men, they felt no need to be involved. And when it did begin to spread to hemophiliacs, iv drug users, and anyone who received a blood transfusion with infected blood, they still sat on their butts and refused to move. They acted out of fear, making HIV/AIDS out to be something you could contract just by being near someone who had it. Furthermore, the government and many others including some churches, viewed this as simply a moral issue. There were people claiming that this was God’s  way of punishing these people for their inappropriate lifestyle. Because of this, the fact that disease began in only gay men, and the media termed it gay related immune deficiency, government simply felt no push to do anything. The only way for things to change was for other people besides gay men to get infected, or for straight people to speak up. Well of course people other than gay men began to become infected so they had to do something. I firmly believe that had this disease either begun in heterosexuals or affected heterosexuals and homosexuals at the same rate, that the strides made to learn about the disease would have been doubled, even tripled. Government would have poured money into research on the disease, without even thinking about it because they would have been afraid of becoming infected themselves. When it first began, America thought it to be a gay only disease, that no one else could get it. But anyone can become infected. My favorite character in the movie was without a doubt Don Francis. Just the way we see him evolve and change, from Africa to the CDC, and the fact that it seems the audience is the only one who knows exactly what Don saw in Africa and how much it haunts him. I think that is why he works so hard, he doesn’t want to be too late, like he was in Africa. His passion for his work encourages me and I hope to have the same passion for my work one day. A character that I did not like so much was Robert Gallo. As an actor I believe Alan Alda was excellent, but the character he portrays makes my blood run cold from the moment he was introduced. Had it not been for him, HIV/AIDS research would have been so much faster, but because Gallo was more concerned about the profits and credit from the discovery of the virus, things were not as quick. Perhaps the reason Gallo cared more for money and was not as passionate about saving these people is because he, unlike Don Francis, did not have a life-changing moment in the story. Don saw the damage done by the ebola virus and therefore more than anything did not want to see the AIDS virus (HIV disease) become the same thing. References: Schulman, A. S. (Writer) (1993). And the band played on [DVD].

Circumcision Ethical Dilemma - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 677 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? Introduction A mother of a male newborn has given a signed consent for a circumcision to be performed while her husband had gone home to shower. Upon the fathers arrival, the nurse walked in to take the male newborn for the procedure and the father refused. Since the consent was signed while he was gone he became irate and could not come to an agreement with his wife. The mother of the newborn was Jewish and believed in circumcising following birth and the father had his own beliefs that did not support it. Identification of Principles from the ANA Code of Ethics Evidently, this ethical dilemma presents ethical principles such as autonomy, beneficence, fidelity, and veracity. Autonomy is defined when nurses support and respect the decisions patients make or the parent of the patient if under aged. Beneficence has to do with ensuring that the best care is given and doing what is righteous for the patient. Fidelity is the act of being accountable and trustworthy in following through with what is said will be done. Veracity pertains to ensuring patients are told the truth and making sure that all information is relayed despite the anxiety that may be caused (Ethical Practice: NCLEX-RN., n.d.). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Circumcision Ethical Dilemma" essay for you Create order ANA Code of Ethics Related Principles In medical practice autonomy, beneficence and veracity are supported by ensuring proper consent and agreements are brought forth prior to treatment, procedures or investigations (Ethical Practice: NCLEX-RN., n.d.). However, it is important to know that the decisions made by patients or the parents of the patient should not be manipulated by medical staff. It is the duty of the nurse to provide factual information, obtain consent and answer any questions regarding the procedure (Definition of Autonomy, patient., 2017). During this dilemma, there is tension between the mother and father of the newborn, an important role of a nurse is to make an effort of creating a calm and peaceful environment. Part of creating this calm atmosphere is to ensure parents are educated properly on the purpose of circumcision and what is to be expected. This can be a sensitive matter due to the mother of the newborn feeling strongly about her religious background that supports her decision on her newborn h aving a circumcision performed. Health care professionals are to maintain their personal aspects and be respectful of the distinctiveness of each patient. Dilemma Outcome The mother of the newborn supported Judaism beliefs (Genesis 17: 9-14) which indicated that Abraham was instructed by God that he should circumcise himself as well as all of the men in home (Religions Judaism: Circumcision., 2009). Therefore, based upon her beliefs she felt it was important to circumcise, yet her husband still refused and did not believe the same. The then nurse informed the physician about the parents opposing perspectives in regard to the procedure and left it up to his discretion to make a decision about moving forward or not since consent was only given by the mother. According to LaMance, K. (2018), each state has their own laws about requiring one parental consent versus both. In many cases some healthcare providers will not proceed with treatment or procedures if there is one objecting parent because of the concern of having a law suit filed against them (LaMance, K., 2018). As a result, the healthcare provider recommended for the parents to come to a full ag reement in order for the procedure to take place or not. Clinical Agency to Assist Dealing with Ethical Dilemmas In this matter, for the newborn circumcision can be seen as not a medical necessity the goal of the hospital to offer unprejudiced information regarding the procedure. It is the responsibility of the nurse to ask if the parents want the procedure to be performed and to provde teaching about what to expect and answer any questions of the circumcision. The healthcare provider may also answer any questions or concerns but is not to persuade parents to make a decision upon their own perspective. Autonomy plays a major role in this matter because it indicates respect for patient decisions.

Global Warming Is A Problem - 1381 Words

What is global warming? Global warming is the polar bears and penguins fighting for their lives because their home is melting. Global warming is seventy-degree weather in the middle of February. Global warming is the rapid increase in tropical storms. Global warming is the California drought. Global warming is the harmful wildfires occurring in our forests (NRDC). Many people, mostly politicians, believe that global warming is a problem that doesn’t exist. Global warming is a real issue that we cannot solve unless we all work together to fix it. The results of climate change are detrimental to the way we live our lives and the animals of the planet as well. If we as a species don’t acknowledge the problem, it cannot be resolved. The first major problem produced by global warming is deforestation. Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make land available for other uses (Live Science). Patches of land being destroyed each year are measured to b e the size of Panama (National Geographic). A lot of deforestation is caused by man themselves. Farmers cut down trees to make room for more crops and heat their homes and loggers build roads so they can get deeper and deeper into the forests. Deforestation’s biggest impact is the loss of many habitats. Seventy percent of all the animals and plants on earth reside in forests and they cannot survive without it (NG). Once the trees are cut down, the soil is exposed. Since the trees blocked most of the sun out,Show MoreRelatedGlobal Warming Is A Problem Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Global warming is a dilemma; it is a debatable issue between a fact and a theory, between approval and disapproval and between having advantages and disadvantages. Endless questions that have indefinite answers arise to a man’s mind when just tackling the idea of the global warming. Many people do not take in consideration the environmental issues, their main interests lie behind thinking about their personal lives and needs. Only few who think about the environment they‘re living in. IsRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1131 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the biggest problems facing in today s world is global warming. It is affecting the earth from climate changes, storms becoming worse over time creating damage to peoples homes, species dying because they can’t adapt rapidly to the changes, animal s population is shrinking and new diseases being created. Thankfully through time we have developed new technology to reduce the effect of global warming. However since we have dealt with global warming for so long for many years, we have doubleRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1228 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is a Social Problem? A social issue is defined as an area of conflict in a social setting that influences different people and is often out of reach of the control of an individual or local geographical authority (Weart 73). Some social problems, however, are not perceived universally as such, resulting in a difference in opinion between different groups. Other social issues are universally recognized as justifiable and, therefore, are addressed by everyone. Global warming is a social issueRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1311 Words   |  6 Pagesknow is inhabitable is now being destroyed by man. As humanity has revolutionized we have created many problems along the way. The main problem we are facing right now is called global warming. We have damaged many ecosystems trying to better ourselves, and we have not yet once thought about the damage we are inflicting on our mother earth. We are already beginning to see the effects of global warming. It will make little changes that will have a huge imp act, and devastate many ecosystems and everythingRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1430 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming in the United Stated Global warming is no longer just a prediction it is actually happening. It is undisputed that the average temperature at the surface of Earth has increased over the past century by 1 degree Fahrenheit, with both the air and the oceans warming. Since 1880, when people in many locations first began to keep temperature records, the 25 warmest years have all occurred within the last 28 years. The problem is that if we keep on hurting our own environment and ecosystemsRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1443 Words   |  6 Pagesstruggle such as the Syrian war. One reason why Syrians are engaged in a war is that they are experiencing extreme heat and drought which causes them to be more rebellious and aggressive. The underlying cause of these trouble can be due to global warming. Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere because some of the sun’s ray cannot escape. It is a worldwide phenomenon that impacts each a nd every one of us because it cause irregular climate patternsRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1088 Words   |  5 Pagesthe story in the movie The Age of Stupid, in which a man lives in the devastated future world of 2055. The man looks back to today’s date and asks himself why we did not stop the climate change when we had the chance. However, today global warming is out of control, global temperatures are steadily rising. â€Å"The primary cause, a consensus of scientists has said, is the rising emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane† (Stone, 2013). The CO2 stays in the atmosphere for 50 to 100 yearsRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Problem1654 Words   |  7 Pagesthis reason is global warming. Global warming is a problem that some people choose to ignore. They claim it does not exist. Global warming is real. It is time for people to stop ignoring it and start searching for a solution. Although many people do not believe in global warming, blaming the climate change on the sun, global warming is a serious danger to the Earth because it could have serious effects on the plant and animal populations. To fully grasp the effects of global warming, one must firstRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Global Problem1418 Words   |  6 PagesThe reason why, I decided to focus on global warming is because it doesn’t just affect one person it affects everyone as a national crisis. Numerous individuals don’t believe in global warming, but to scientist this is a big dilemma. In the article, â€Å"closer looks at climate change, it’s specified that these issues are not new, they have been around forever† (Schmidt, 2010). â€Å"In the article the real case against activist global warming, has gotten the response of the president of the United States†Read MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1300 Words   |  6 Pageshelp of society. One of the problems is global warming. Global warming is only possible by having excess of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. So where is the excess carbon dioxide coming from? Have you ever spray a can of hair spray well that hair spray contains carbon dioxide, but just one person doesn’t make a difference now think about a whole world who uses it each time you spray, carbon dioxide is released in the world, yet this is not the real threat of global warming. The real main threat is

Construction Workers Have The Twelfth Uppermost Dangerous...

According to a poll taken by Time Magazine (2016), construction workers have the twelfth uppermost dangerous jobs in America. (Johnson, 2016). Construction workers come to their job, with the assumption that they are safe and can perform their job with ease. They do not anticipate getting hurt on the job, but often are subject to injuries or even fatalities. The Occupational Safety and Health act states that employees have the right to a safe work environment, and must ensure that safety measures are provided for these employees. (OSHA.gov, 2016). This case in consideration concerns an injury in a construction workplace. An employee named John Schmidt was on the job using a machine powered table saw. He ended up injuring his hand as he†¦show more content†¦The machine was not properly maintained and both the employer and the employees needed regular training to use and maintain of the apparatus. The Occupational Safety and Health Act gives specific guidelines regarding proper woodworking tool maintenance in the workplace. A few of these guidelines are questionable in the case of John Schmidt. The first guideline to consider is to â€Å"train workers on machine use and allow only trained and authorized workers to operate and maintain the equipment† (Woodworking eTool, n.d.). The workers, including the shop manager and the foreman, needed regular training on the particular hand saw model. Regular training includes the proper safety procedures needed to use and maintain the machine. The manager’s responsibility is to establish that his employees know how to use a hand saw without getting injured, which did not take place. If the employee had training on a regular basis, he would also know more about how to prevent an injury using the table saw. He would not have used the machine if he knew that it was not safe and he would injure his hand. Another guideline tha t was ignored was to â€Å"frequently inspect equipment and guards† (Woodworking eTool, n.d.). The case stated that indeed there were maintenance records for the machine that was used. The maintenance records need to be

ERP Systems Implementation In Public Administration

Question: Discuss about theERP Systems Implementation in Public Administration. Answer: Introduction ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning, and it is a system that when adopted by a business organization, helps in the use of a system of integrated applications in management and performance of complex and expensive operations related to technology service delivery as well as human resource management. Body Objectives Behind Choosing ERP System Implementation Public administration, unlike a single business organization, is a governmental component that deals with a variety of projects meant to some parts or the whole country. Their frameworks are set by the law and statutory regulations hence they are more complex (Wallace 2010). Governments aim at improving their environments from an internal resource optimal use and allocation to a state of achieving process integration and external focus. It has to organize various systems for revenue collection, planning and budgeting and the actual distribution of resources to different sectors of the economy some of which include development projects in different parts of the country and paying the salaries of civil servants. These are much more complicated processes than for a single business organization. A private company only deals with core processes that are centralized in one area and are majorly aimed at achieving returns benefitting the owners and employees at a smaller extent. Thus, there is absolutely nothing complicated about their operations to be specific. The achievement of this goal requires an integrated system to be put in place. ERP systems are highly desired because of its association with a general increase in efficiency, improved information access, and distribution, reduction in total ownership costs as well as achievement of high levels of accountability and transparency in service delivery and resource utilization and waste minimization. This is the exact reason why public administrators would ideally want to implement ERP systems in their centers of operation. Another objective is to establish a centrally based management system that brings together and ensures coordination of the various structures and units of the government. There is dire need of creating an automatic supporting system for the compound and time demanding duties such as finance and accounting, management of human resources, and the general management of assets, inventories and worker payrolls. The ERP system is further expected to do away with a lot of documentation processes, some of which are deemed unnecessary. The documents circulation and distribution should be systemized in such a way that it caters for quick accessibility and flow of information across several target departments. Another objective, in this case, is to create a system that explicitly specifies the goals and objectives outlined in the public procurement processes, which are usually complicated and therefore, do not tolerate ambiguity. The length of the terms of the contract in procurement procedures must be spelled out appropriately to avoid having to deal with unrealistic deadlines for contracts. Another important objective of public administrators is to create a sound analysis system that factor in the various processes of the government to improve their efficiency and effectiveness. Finally, there is a need for the administrators to have a good project management plan which is crucial and can only be arrived at by the use of practical and proven methodologies. Roles and duties related to various projects have to be assigned and delegated correctly and quickly and thus offering a solid support to top management. If done, the risks of project and system failures are instantly minimized or eliminated. Critical Success Factors for ERP Implementation in Public Administration Sector Critical Success Factors (CFS) are classified into four groups namely; factors concerned with public procurement, factors associated with government processes management, factors related to project team competencies and factors connected with project management (Pollard 2009). Factors related to public procurement procedures are considered very vital since they control the extent at which the implemented ERP system functions. The requirements for these systems must be adequately defined by the contracts thus making it necessary to be applied by the IT specialists. Little or no knowledge of ERP systems has an effect on the contract deadlines and implementation dates. Sometimes very short deadlines are set for the contracts while but they should not have been that way if a good ERP system is implemented. The administration should clearly document goals and objectives of the public procurement contracts (Rosacker 2008). This makes the project an ambiguity-free operation. Their inclusion in this category of factors is in line with their vital role in determining the rate of success associated with the ERP implementation. Factors related to government processes management are thought to be the most important factors. They comprise frozen information requirements, established government procedures and process engineering (Ziemba 2013). Public administration always requires that an excellent analysis is conducted that examines the information needs and relevant government processes. These processes go hand in hand with the desire for success when ERP systems are implemented in the public administration sector. Factors related to team project competencies has to do entirely with the team members in a given project who in this case, are the specialists and technicians in the IT Company as well as the government agency. IT professionals charged with the responsibility of implementing ERP systems in any organization, particularly in public administration should be highly efficient. They should be competent enough to be able to handle the system appropriately beside being familiar with the various government processes which are to be supported by the system as well as the information which it aims to distribute (Klein 2008). The knowledge of the specialists must be able to have answers to the question related to both the general and the particular function of the system to be implemented. The teams of agents of the government enjoy the opportunity of tapping from the consultants knowledge of business analysis and information system implementation. Factors related to project management should be given consideration. They are related to problems such as inadequate support for top management which are known to negatively affect the implementation process due to the lack of clear and prompt delegation of duties. There is an urgent need to establish effective methodologies that are concerned with project management, particularly where large projects are operational. Project management if not, failure is inevitable. In this changing and developing world, there arise many changes in various sectors which call for the concept of risk and change management. Changes have to be managed properly because ERP implementation is always associated with a variety of changes bearing high risks of failure. All the people involved and benefit from the actual use of the implemented ERP system should be included in the implementation process so as to come to terms with the related changes. There has to be a good and positive communication between team members and those from various departments who ideally use the system, so as to successfully initiate the ERP system. On top of that, the success of the system can also be attributed to the monitoring and control programs put in place to keep the team members on their toes as they partner and collaborate with consultants and research centers. What Organization needs to do when Implementing ERP When ERP is being implemented in a given public administration sector, the organization is required to ensure there is full commitment and focus on the business process management. One of the main issues that arise when ERP system is implemented is the fear of change by the people to whom the system is implemented (Jansenn 2006). In most cases, it is the employees who are faced with such fears since technological advancements must always be accompanied by current training and adaptation process. Technical problems are usually well defined yet difficult to solve. Thus, they require intelligent minds, a lot of hard work, commitment, passion and dedication towards its incorporation. ERP system is an example of such technology whose implementation and operation process requires intelligence and commitment. Managers are therefore charged with the responsibility of conducting meetings with the intention of informing people involved, about new systems before they are implemented and during the actual implementation process. They have to clearly give reasons as to why the changes are brought in as well as the practical benefits associated with the successful implementation of the particular system. Employees are expected to be positive and accept that adoption of new and modern technology is the new way of running businesses hence the earlier they accept this, the faster they will get comfortable and adapt to its use. Proper integration of a new ERP system calls for massive changes especially in the working regime of the organization as well as how people go about their daily routines in the business organization. This shift is difficult and painful but if everyone involved can calm down and bear with the pain of moving on, the business firm in question will make one step ahead to achieving ultimate success. There is an urgent need for the organization to establish a system of communication and training to employees to make them acquainted with the demands of the new ERP systems. A way has to found that makes the system look friendly to the employees and not scare them. Employees, on the other hand, are required to show a significant level of cooperation with the management. They must be ready to work to their best levels to support the incoming systems. They should not feel that the old system was better than the new one. Employees should also avoid the fear of losing their jobs if they fail to adapt to change. They are expected to at least give change a try without having to criticize the management for bringing such changes. The process has to be modified to accommodate the new software which ultimately focuses on what clients need. It is understandable that it is indeed difficult to transform long-established habits especially when it alters the roles and responsibilities of various people in the organization. However, this should not be a license for managers to loosen the belt and helplessly watch as employees reject new systems which ideally would majorly benefit the employees as well as the entire business organization. ERP Implementation Strategies for Government Body Versus Private Sector There are massive differences between the ERP implemented in public administration and that in private sectors. In public administration, it backs up supporting processes which are meant to satisfy the individual and collective needs of citizens as a result of their coexistence in the society. Private businesses, on the other hand, have ERP systems that support core processes that aim at maximizing profits and returns for the business owner. The supporting processes to be backed up in public administration sectors include accounting, inventories, payroll, fixed assets and human resource management. ERP systems in public administration must be structured according to the requirements of general public governance and conform to applicable laws and standard procedures. The laws involved here are specifically about rules governing budgetary accounting, employment, wages and management of fixed assets (Khun 2010). The management of inventories in a warehouse operates on a different principle than it is in private manufacturing business organizations. To sum this up, the government sectors ERP system is geared towards to providing a return to their clients who in this case, are the citizens, even if it is not exactly what is required by the people. Again, there is no gamble here for public administrators since they have to be paid even if the system implementation fails along the way. However, the private businesses are concerned with ERP systems that yield good returns for the owners and employees. If a system fails in this case, revenue loss is spread across to managers and sometimes employees. Importance of Change Management in ERP Implementation ERP comes with changes which carry high potential risks of failure. The management must effectively control and manage the resulting changes. Any ERP implementation should have a change management team that includes business and change specialists who plan how various changes are communicated with the business. This enables the business to address problems such as employees resistance to change which may slow down the works in progress (Kwak 2009). It calls for management strategies such as proper communication of ideas to the employees and makes them see the logic and importance of change. Managers should conduct extensive training in new skills and give incentives to those who are quickly adopting the system to increase diffusion of change and adaptation ideas to all employees. It helps detect discontent among top earners who may feel threatened by the new system and are, therefore, campaigning for the old system to be used. Extended training is the key here to these employees to enable them to pick up the changes. It gives management time to use the opportunity to convince the employees that the experience they have gained so far while using the other systems is important and will quickly boost their quick learning and adaptation to the new regime (McAndrew 2005). They should also be assured that their jobs will not be terminated because of the system change. The changes associated with new ERP systems majorly affect the employees. Thus, appropriate change management helps regain the confidence of employees and motivate them to accept the changes and move on with the new routines. Conclusion ERP systems have proved beneficial and worth implementing especially in public administration sectors where the government processes are numerous and require proper analysis. It is, however, comes with many risky changes and if commitment and dedication are absent during implementation and operation, it leads to eventual failure. References Baskerville, R. L. and Myers, M. D., 2009. Fashion waves in information systems research and practice. Mis Quarterly, 647-662. Boonstra, J. (Ed.), 2008. Dynamics of organizational change and learning. John Wiley Sons. Borman, M., and Janssen, M., 2013. Reconciling two approaches to critical success factors: The case of shared services in the public sector. International Journal of Information Management, 33(2), 390-400. Esteves, J., and Bohrquez, V. W., 2007. An updated ERP systems annotated bibliography: 2001-2005. Instituto de Empresa Business School Working Paper No. WP, 07-04. Galliers, R. D., and Leidner, D. E., 2014. Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Grabski, S. V., Leech, S. A. and Schmidt, P. J., 2011. A review of ERP research: A future agenda for accounting information systems. Journal of information systems, 25(1), 37-78. Hanafizadeh, P. and Ravasan, A. Z., 2011. A McKinsey 7S model-based framework for ERP readiness assessment. International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems (IJEIS), 7(4), 23-63. Janssen, M. A., Schoon, M. L., Ke, W., and Brner, 2006. Scholarly networks on resilience, vulnerability and adaptation within the human dimensions of global environmental change. Global environmental change, 16(3), 240-252. Kuhn Jr, J. R., and Sutton, S. G., 2010. Continuous auditing in ERP system environments: The current state and future directions. Journal of Information Systems, 24(1), 91-112. Kwak, Y. H., and Anbari, F. T., 2009. Analyzing project management research: Perspectives from top management journals. International Journal of Project Management, 27(5), 435-446. Morris, J. J., 2011. The impact of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems on the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting. Journal of Information Systems, 25(1), 129-157. Nour, M. A. and Mouakket, S., 2011. A classification framework of critical success factors for ERP systems implementation: A multi-stakeholder perspective. International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems (IJEIS), 7(1), 56-71. Osayawe Ehigie, B. and McAndrew, E. B., 2005. Innovation, diffusion and adoption of total quality management (TQM). Management Decision, 43(6), 925-940. Pollard, C. and Cater-Steel, A., 2009. Justifications, strategies, and critical success factors in successful ITIL implementations in US and Australian companies: an exploratory study. Information systems management, 26(2), 164-175. Rosacker, K. M., and Olson, D. L., 2008. Public sector information system critical success factors. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 2(1), 60-70. Vaidya, K., Sajeev, A. S. M. and Callender, G., 2006. Critical factors that influence e-procurement implementation success in the public sector. Journal of public procurement, 6(1/2), 70. Wang, E. T., Shih, S. P., Jiang, J. J. and Klein, G., 2008. The consistency among facilitating factors and ERP implementation success: A holistic view of fit. Journal of Systems and Software, 81(9), 1609-1621. Ziemba, E., Oblak, I. and Informatyczna, B. S., 2013. Critical success factors for ERP systems implementation in public administration. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, 8, 1-19.