Business Law Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law - Term Paper Example An LLC is a flexible business entity that combines the elements of a partnership and that of a corporation. It provides limited liability for its members. Limited liability implies that the liability of a member is limited to a certain sum, which in most cases is the value of the members contribution to the business. A shareholder in an LLC is not personally liable for any liabilities incurred by the entity unless to the extent of their investment in the entity. This business model is ideal for Paul as it will allow him to form the business with both Sara and Ronald. Compared to a partnership, an LLC does not give joint or individual liability. In a partnership, partners are not only liable for the actions undertaken by the entity but also liable for their actions. A corporation, on the other hand, is not preferred due to the costs and time involved in its incorporation. Incorporating a business requires additional paper work compared to an LLC because they are highly regulated. Addi tionally, corporations are taxed twice, that is because the companys profits as well as the dividends paid to its shareholders incur taxes (Baden-Fuller & Morgan 2010). The steps involved in forming an LLC include choosing and registering a business name, which must not be similar to that of any registered entity and should indicate that the business is an LLC. It is also a requirement to file articles of organization. These are documents which contain the name of the business, its address and the names of its members. Equally important is the creation of an operating agreement, which stipulates the rules and regulations for the operation of the business. Operating agreements often include allocation of profits and losses, rights and responsibilities of members, and other provisions that allow the business to operate smoothly. Pauls idea of charging less prices in order to veer off

Hdl and Ldl Essay Example for Free

Hdl and Ldl Essay HDL means high density lipoproteins, Lipoproteins are a combination of lipid and proteins. They are very essential for the body to restore tissues and cell membranes. High density lipoproteins move very easily throughout the blood, they do not get stuck in it. HDLs are produced by the combination of unsaturated fats, cholesterol and protein. These tend to carry cholesterol from the tissues to the liver to be broken down. LDL or low density lipoprotein is the major cholesterol carrier in the blood. When a person has too much LDL cholesterol circulating in the blood, it can slowly build up within the walls of the arteries feeding the heart and brain. Together with other substances it can form plaque, a thick, hard deposit that can clog those arteries. This condition is known as atherosclerosis. The formation of a clot in the region of this plaque can block the flow of blood to part of the heart muscle and cause a heart attack. If a clot blocks the flow of blood to part of the brain, the result is a stroke. A high level of LDL cholesterol reflects an increased risk of heart disease. That is why LDL cholesterol is often called bad cholesterol. LDL are made up from saturated fats, cholesterol and proteins, these take cholesterol from the liver to the tissues where it is stored. Effects of the diet on levels of HDL and LDL The diet has a massive effect on the lipoprotein in the blood. It is best to keep a low fat diet which ensures a low lipoprotein content. A higher concentration of HDL is preferable as that lipoprotein breaks down cholesterol instead of storing it inside arteries. Why is flora heart healthy even though it is a high fat spread? Flora is heart healthy as it contains plant sterols which actively remove cholesterol from the body by partly blocking the absorption of cholesterol in the intestines. Cholesterol that isn’t absorbed is then removed from the body, resulting in a lowering of LDL cholesterol levels.

Using ‘Ode on Melancholy’ and one other, examine how Keats uses languag

Using ‘Ode on Melancholy’ and one other, examine how Keats uses language to explore his muses Keats In ‘Ode on Melancholy’ Keats accepts the truth he sees: joy and pain are inseparable and to experience joy fully we must experience sadness or melancholy fully. The first stanza urges us not to try and escape pain; stanza two tells us what to do instead - embrace the transient beauty and joy of the nature and human experience, which contain pain and death. Stanza three makes clear that in order to experience joy we must experience the sorrow that beauty dies and joy evaporates. The more intensely we feel happiness, the more subject we are to melancholy. The poet's passionate outcry not to reject melancholy is presented negatively – â€Å"no,† â€Å"not,† â€Å"neither,† â€Å"nor.† The degree of pain that melancholy may cause is implied by the ways to avoid it, for example â€Å"go to Lethe† and â€Å"suffer thy pale forehead to be kissed by nightshade†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The first two words, â€Å"No, no,† are both accented, emphasising them; their forcefulness expresses convincingly the speaker’s passionate state. In the first stanza, the language used presents â€Å"the wakeful anguish of the soul†. Keats speaks of â€Å"yew-berries† which are generally associated with mourning; the mood of the stanza is joyless which mirrors the subject it speaks of. However, Keats describes the â€Å"anguish† as â€Å"wakeful† because the sufferer still feels and so still has the capacity to feel happiness. The language used in ‘Ode on Melancholy’ is highly appropriate – the clouds are â€Å"weeping†. Much of the effectiveness of this poem derives from the concrete imagery. Throughout the poem, Keats yokes elements, which are ordinarily regarded as incompatible or as opposites. These ... ...e him unable to hear it anymore and therefore feel anguish. In the end of ‘Ode on Melancholy’, we see the reward of the â€Å"wakeful anguish of the soul†. The possessor of the wakeful soul â€Å"shall taste the sadness of her might†. The change of tense from present pleasure to future melancholy expresses their relationship – one is part of and inevitably follows the other. Keats concludes that the wakeful soul will be the â€Å"trophy† gained from melancholy. However, the trophies are described as â€Å"cloudy,† which has negative overtones keeping the muse of the poem constant throughout. Keats explores his muses using language of both happiness and despondency. Each of these feelings characterise the poems and therefore the use of imagery is relevant. The language used enables Keats to convey his emotions and experiences to the point where the reader can feel them too.

Research Topic & Research Proposal Essay

1. What do you think of a good research topic? What are the key elements of a good research topic? A good research topic should be of a clear objectives and purpose. It should generate question to discover and find out the underlying problem or understanding a current situation. Therefore the elements of a good research topic is feasibility, are the resources available? How long the research could take and can that be done with a timeline or it needs to be extended. What are the factors that affect the accuracy of the research and what are the variables that need to be considered In order to assure the up to date presentation of results. Is it worthwhile? Is it relevant to what is used for and search about can what values the research will add into the current practices of the organization? 1. Assume that you interested in doing some research on the impact of quality management practices on organizational performance. Write four research questions that may be appropriate. What are the current quality management practices?  What is the link between the quality practices and organization performance   To how extend the quality practices effect the overall organization? Are the employees aware of the importance of quality management concept? What is the impact of quality management on employees behavior?   What are the areas of development addressed by the quality management practices? And how it does tactfully eliminate or change the defined shortfalls. How do the overall objectives of the company align with quality management practices? What are the quality management practices standards used in the organization? And does it match ISO 9001:2008 quality standards? 3. What is a research proposal? What are the purposes and key elements of a proposal? Definition: â€Å"It is a document that is typically written by a scientist or academic which describes the ideas for an investigation on a certain topic. The research proposal outlines the process from beginning to end and may be used to request financing for the project, certification for performing certain parts of research of the experiment, or as a required task before beginning a college dissertation†. Purpose: There are lots of purposes of research proposal and that could be to investigate an enquiry, finding out about something worthwhile in a particular context. Could be of business ground where is used to finalize a deal or evaluate several supplier for a business proposal. Other purposes is to convince the concerned parties about i.g. a product by showing the results of the research.

Modified Fingernails †Symbols of Social Essay

Western society has not been traditionally attuned to see body adornment as a form of social status. Thus over the years people in the West attribute it to less developed societies which lay emphasis on rituals. Thus body modification was seen as an articulation of values which were essentially non western. (Krakow, 1994). However this does not seem to be the case any more as a greater number of people are willing to modify their bodies thus making body beautification acceptable thereby giving a person social as well as individual identity in a society. Body modification is thus seen as enabling a person to exemplify and attenuate him or her personality through alteration of natural color, shape, tone and tenor. By decoration such as nail painting, gloss and enhancement, a person can project himself in the manner he wants others to perceive. Thus a girl with long nails, fully adorned with polish is seen as one who is in tune with the social image of somebody who has arrived in society. As greater numbers of people are adopting this mode, nail or other forms of body adornment is becoming an expression of actual position held by a person in society. Thus through external embellishments a person is able to define herself to others. Increased acceptance of this practice is indicated by forms adopted in nail adornment such as gluing of plastic to increase the length of the nails so that bright colors, paints and sparklers can be applied to these. (Andersen. Taylor. 2005) The reason for extension of nails is quite obvious, this is to enhance visibility through added length of the body object which is otherwise quite innocuous. By making it longer, the same can be decorated and made more noticeable. But the process also needs specialized treatment, which can come about at a certain level of monetary standing indicating the link between wealth and length or adornment of nails. As societies become more complex, they tend to provide opportunities to people to define their status through adornment of the body. Nails are perfect symbols of such social embellishment. The first requirement of a well kept hand is absence of manual labor. Thus there is obvious connection between a person of high society and well kept hands which indicates social as well as wealth status of a person. This has been ancient tradition and has been carried forth in the modern World. (Peters. Lock, Eds, 1999) Since a large degree of artistry of the body is now made by instruments as lasers, surgical and other tools by experts this has become expensive. Thus body art studios and fingernail manicure specialists have established high end shops, where they are able to manipulate your nails to the desired shape, size and color. By being exclusive in nature, they establish a distinction of economic status. As society has evolved thus body art has assumed proportions of social as well as wealth standing. (Jeffreys, 2000). Over a period this distinction is also translated from overall to individual social status. Thus a person who has manicured, well kept finger nails is associated with wealth as well as standing through a process of exclusion. This exclusion works first monetarily in that as it is expensive those who cannot afford it are denied an opportunity of being in the same class. In the second stage it is seen to work socially as shapes, colors and contours are so distinctive that a person wearing a superior shade of nail polish is easily identified as one who can afford it and hence ipso facto assumes higher standing. Thus from abhorrence as practices which were aboriginal to adoption of body adornment as a form of celebration of ones arrival in high society, fingernail manipulation has assumed a social symbol even in Western society today. Vantoch (1999) explored this evolution of the new American female by denoting the large number of nail adornments of different colors and shapes present in a pre teen’s room. The girl was sporting what can be described as talons, two inches long finger nails. (Vantoch, 1999). The fingernail was converted into a symbol of expression of the persona just like any other accoutrement at a very early age in life. The refined development of the art of the make up in modern times is also responsible for such an evolution. Thus nails have been converted into objects of art and ornamentation by using these for nail jewelry, nail art, air brush design, sculpturing of nails as well as providing green glitter. This has also provided a common touch thereby enhancing a wider number of females in society to higher standing. (Vantoch, 1999). Most interestingly it denotes how society has evolved, from considering these as a possible aboriginal practice to be abhorred by the West, more and more people are using it to express their state of social as well as economic evolution. The utilitarian view of nails as symbol of health has been known over the ages and is seen to continue even to this day. Thus fingernails are many times the first to be seen by a doctor. (Anatomy, 2005). Yellow or green fingernails invariably indicate ill health, a bronchial disease or other conditions which are diagnosed by the family physician. When nail problems persisted, these also indicated that the person required sustained treatment. The ultimate in nail care which has emerged is a combination of health, fashion and social status. Manicure and the higher forms of nail care and manipulation seen in advanced societies today is seen as a symbol of the rich, as one who has arrived in society and also some body who maintains good health. How long will this trend persist remains to be seen, for there are many periods in human evolution wherein short nails were as popular as long. Reference: 1. Anatomy. (2005) Anatomy of a healthy fingernail. Accessed at http://www. cnn. com/HEALTH/library/WO/00020. htmlon 23 March 2007 2. Andersen, Margaret L. Taylor, Howard F. (2005). Sociology: The Essentials. Belmont : Thomson. 3. Jeffreys, Sheila. ‘Body Art’ and Social Status: Cutting, Tattooing and Piercing from a Feminist Perspective. Feminism & Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 4, 409-429 (2000) 4. Krakow, A. (1994) The Total Tattoo Book , New York : Warner Books. 5. Peters, Charles, R. Lock, Andrew. (1999). Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution. Oxford : Blackwell. 6. Vantoch, Vicki. (1999). Fingernail Fashion Choices. The Washington Post. December 28, 1999. Accessed at http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/style/feed/a41653-1999dec28. htm on 23 March 2007.

Challenges For Afro Caribbean Minorities Social Work Essay Essays

Challenges For Afro Caribbean Minorities Social Work Essay Essays Challenges For Afro Caribbean Minorities Social Work Essay Essay Challenges For Afro Caribbean Minorities Social Work Essay Essay Harmonizing to Wirth ( 1945 ) a minority group is any group of people who because of their physical or cultural features, are singled out from others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal intervention and who hence regard themselves as objects of corporate favoritism. National Statistics ( 2003 ) suggest that in 2001, black Caribbean s established 1 % while black Africans accounted for 0.8 % of the entire 59 million population of the UK. The being of a possible glass ceiling for Afro-Caribbean minorities in the UK and further its impact on them would be discussed. David and Woodward ( 1998 ) suggest that a glass ceiling is the impression of being of a crystalline barrier that kept persons from lifting above a certain degree in corporations. These barriers exist at assorted degrees in organisations. Coyne, Coyne and Lee ( 2002 ) add that it is an upper bound to professional promotion, non readily perceived or openly acknowledged. It would be interesting to analyze the consequence of such a glass ceiling that might be on both male and females of Afro-Caribbean minorities in the UK. Britain ( 2006 ) indicates that black Caribbean adult females in 2001/2 had economic activity rates comparable to white adult females at 72 % . Conversely, African work forces and Caribbean s had really high unemployment rates that ranged between 25-31 % . Dol ( 2010 ) illustrates that glass ceiling research reveals three degrees of unreal barriers to the promotion of minorities and adult females in the private sector which are: Social barriers which may be outside direct control of concern Internal structural barriers within direct control of the concern Governmental barriers Social Barriers: Childs and Storry ( 2006 ) suggest that Afro-Caribbean s are seen as backward, barbarian and inherently inferior to Europeans, devouring unusual nutrient and carrying diseases. Further, the common belief is that most Afro-Caribbean s are nescient, illiterate and lacked proper instruction. Mwakikagile ( 2007 ) states that the perceptual experience of West Africans being dishonest and their monolithic engagement in deceitful offenses does in it self lead to greater favoritism when it comes to employment, proviso of services and publicities at occupation. Internal Structural Barriers: National Statistics ( 2006 ) point out that in 2004, Caribbean group were less likely to hold a grade as their highest making than white British people. Merely 11 % black Caribbean s had a grade compared to 17 % white British people so. This comparing shows that it was less likely of both groups being eligible for a good occupation and on acquiring one progressing due to hapless makings would be hard. Ginn ( 2003 ) argues that the few Afro-Caribbean work forces and adult females employed earn low norm rewards compared to other minority groups in the UK. Baxter and Wright ( 2000 ) argue that the image suggests that although it may now be the instance that African and Caribbean adult females are able to acquire through the front door of managerial hierarchies, at some point they hit an unseeable barrier that blocks any farther upward motion. Potter, Conway and Phillips ( 2005 ) supply support saying that there exists a race thing/barriers in the UK towards Afro-Caribbean people, being overlooked for publicity at work. Governmental Barriers: However, Blanpain, Bisom-Rapp, Corbett, Josephs and Zimmer ( 2007 ) argue that UK has stringent Torahs and ordinances formulated that prohibit such favoritism at workplace. Some of the Torahs stated are Equal Pay Act 2003, Employment Equality Regulations 2003 and Race Relations Act 1976. Yet, facts and figures as stated above suggest that these ordinances and Torahs are weak in preparation, lack vigorous and consistent monitoring and enforcement. Therefore, grounds suggests that there exists a glass ceiling and favoritism towards Afro-Caribbean minorities at the workplace in the UK. As a consequence of the being of a glass ceiling the Afro-Caribbean minority has reacted in varied ways. Potter, Conway and Phillips ( 2005 ) suggest that because of unemployment, low rewards and non being promoted at their work topographic point some Afro-Caribbean s return back to their place state. Further David and Woodward ( 1998 ) suggest that many adult females on the other manus who break the glass ceiling frequently find that they are walked out of more senior direction place. As a consequence Simpson ( 2006 ) points out that 1000s of Afro-Caribbean adult females have turned to self-employment as a manner to gain their ends, gain fiscal and employment independency or to interrupt or get the better of the glass ceiling. Further Simpson states that a new survey from the 1990 Trust showed that black people had the most success running their ain concerns in a society where many adult females from black and cultural minority ( BME ) were non being promoted or were overqualified f or the functions assigned to them. Simpson indicates that the part of the black concern sector is about ?4.5 billion and provides over 70,000 occupations in London s economic system entirely which is important. However, males of this minority might besides turn to offense because of unemployment or favoritism at work topographic point or due to low mean wage. The job here is the deficit of literature that perchance argues such a effect related to Afro-Caribbean males. Finally, the large trade names and large companies need to take an enterprise on the issue of glass ceiling for specific minorities in the UK and help in altering the state of affairs. Pollitt ( 2006 ) points out that no adult females in the UK of all time headed a big company leave entirely one from any minority. However, Cigna invested $ 2mn yearly in preparing and retaining female leaders. As a consequence female director turnover reduced from 50 % in 1998 to 24 % in 2006. Further, due to this 44 % females get promoted to senior direction places as compared to 12 % in 1999. Law and ordinance enforcement requires attending but more so it is the society that needs to alter its attitude towards Afro-Caribbean minorities if any important alteration is expected. Word Count: 958 Mentions Baxter J and Wright E ( 2000 ) The glass ceiling hypothesis a comparative survey of the United States, Sweden and Australia , GENDER A ; SOCIETY, 14 ( 2 ) : 275-294 Blanpain R, Bisom-Rapp S, Corbett W, Josephs H and Zimmer M ( 2007 ) . The planetary workplace: international and comparative employment jurisprudence: instances and stuffs, New York: Cambridge University Press Britain ( 2001 ) . Demography, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britain.tv/community_afro_demographics.shtml visited on 6th August 2010 Childs P and Storry M ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of modern-day British civilization, New York: Taylor and Francis Coyne B, Coyne E and Lee M ( 2004 ) . Human resources, care-giving, calling patterned advance and gender, Oxon: Routledge David M and Woodward D ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 1998 ) . Negociating the glass ceiling: callings of senior adult females in academic universe, London: Falmer Press Dol ( 2010 ) . Executive drumhead: Fact happening study of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/reich/reports/ceiling1.pdf visited on 9th August 2010 Ginn J ( 2003 ) . Gender, pensions and the life class: how pensions need to accommodate to altering household signifiers, Bristol: Policy Imperativeness Mwakikagile G ( 2007 ) . Relations between Africans, African Americans and Afro-Caribbean s: tensenesss, indifference and harmoniousness 1st edn, Dar es Salaam: New Africa Press National Statistics ( 2003 ) . Population Size, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp? id=273 visited on 7th August 2010 National Statistics ( 2006 ) . Education, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp? id=461 visited on 6th August 2010 Pollitt D ( 2006 ) . Diversity in the work force , Human Resource Management International Digest, Vol.14, No.3, pp 19-21 Potter R, Conway D, Phillips J ( 2005 ) . The experience of return migration: Caribbean position, Aldershot: Ashgate Simpson T ( 2006 ) . Black businesswomen blaze a test to success , Voice Online available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php? show=10100 visited on 6th August 2010 Wahhab I ( 2009 ) . Why will no 1 help the unemployed minorities? , Guardian, 6th September, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/sep/06/race-gender-ethnic-minorities visited on 7th August 2009. Wirth L ( 1945 ) . The job of minority groups in Linton R The Science of adult male in the universe crisis, New York: Colombia University Press Being OF GLASS CEILING FOR GAY AND LESBIAN MINORITIES IN THE UK Similar to the Afro Caribbean minority in the UK another type of minority in the UK are the homosexual and sapphic. Gates and Ost ( 2004 ) illustrate that homosexuals and tribades include even those who admit to a sexual attractive force to others of the same sex, irrespective of their sexual behaviour. They engage in sexual activity with others of the same sex. Campbell ( 2005 ) and Govan ( 2005 ) province that 6 % of the population or about 3.6 million Britishers are either homosexual or tribades which is a important per centum compared to the Afro-Caribbean minorities. Yet, Grew ( 2008 ) suggests that homosexuals and tribades have been already identified as minority group in the UK. Campbell ( 2005 ) and Govan ( 2005 ) province that of the 30 million work force in the UK, 1.5 million to 2 million are cheery and lesbians harmonizing to section of trade and industry. Their combined one-year income was an estimated GBP 60 billion. Further, a survey revealed that the mean male income in the UK was GBP 24,236 as compared to GBP 34,168 of a homosexual. Similarly, the income of an mean female was GBP 18,531 as compared to a tribade who earned GBP 24,783. Therefore, this survey suggests that even though homosexual and tribades are a minority, they earn much higher rewards at workplace as compared to average public. Another of import point noted by Campbell and Govan is the figure of homosexuals and tribades working in the UK at assorted appellations. A survey revealed that there were approximately 40 % homosexual and 25 % tribade s professionals working in the UK. Further, 11 % tribades and 13 % homosexual were keeping managerial places and besides 5 % tribades and 6 % homosexual were senior directors. Therefore, these figures suggest that even if there is a glass ceiling for minorities in the UK, it might non hold had much of an impact on the homosexual and sapphic minority. However, Cownie ( 2004 ) indicates that a survey found grounds of a glass ceiling runing against the publicity of cheery work forces and tribades. Further, lesbians faced highest sensed degrees of favoritism and torment. Kirton and Greene ( 2010 ) argue that gender and race can be regarded as the major forming rules of the labour market with disablement, age and sexual orientation being factors that influence employment forms and results. Therefore, these five dimensions of diverseness are chief beginnings of employment favoritism against homosexuals and tribades. Badgett and Franks ( 2007 ) note that heterosexual male foremans have a negative attitude towards gays more than tribades. Further, employers might utilize the sexual orientation of a adult male as a placeholder for the chance that he has or will contract HIV. Conversely, since tribades are less likely to unwrap their sexual orientation in the workplace, opportunity of direct favoritism is reduced. Apart from these stated g rounds, Avert ( 2010 ) states that people might hold a negative attitude towards homosexual and sapphic people because of strong spiritual beliefs that disapprove of sex or homosexualism and deficiency of cognition about gay sexual behavior. The job here is that really small literature sing this subject has been published and therefore comparing any tendency related to homosexuals and tribades that might be to a theory or theoretical account is hard. The UK authorities has formulated some Torahs, regulations and ordinances to avoid favoritism against homosexuals and tribades. Some of the Torahs listed by Cic ( 2010 ) are Employment Equality ( sexual orientation ) Regulations 2003 which intended to take favoritism on the evidences of sexual orientation and Equality Act ( Sexual orientation ) Regulation which extends statute law to forestall favoritism because of sexual orientation in the bringing of goods, installations, services, and instruction. However, there is once more really small literature sing how effectual are the Torahs against favoritism of homosexual and sapphic minorities. Therefore, the rating of their impact might be a mere guess non the existent image. Though literature suggests the being of a glass ceiling for homosexual and sapphic minority in the UK, there are few of this minority who dared to interrupt the so called pink glass ceiling . Some illustrations of such people are Sir Terence Etherton who Verkaik ( 2008 ) provinces was the first openly gay justice to be sworn in as Lord Justice of Appeal or Sir Michael Bishop, president of BMI air hoses helped BMI air hoses become a major force in the short draw air hose sector and Dawn Airey ( female ) Managing Director Sky webs who because of her work is one of the top earners on Television ( The Independent, 2006 ) . Therefore, holding a will to accomplish a end and taking the enterprise to present consequences are of import to interrupt the pink glass ceiling . Besides if these people have set the illustration, it might non be really hard for others to follow them. However, an statement here is whether organisations are taking up the enterprise to alter the bing environment for homosexuals and tribades at the work topographic point. Literature does propose that some organisations have so taken up enterprises towards such issues. For illustration, Metropolitan Police UK Operation Athena is an inaugural to advance anti-racism, racial equality and anti-homophobia in athleticss ( Parliamentary Assembly, 2004 ) . Yet, once more there is a deficiency of literature specific to enterprises taken up by UK organisations to assist homosexual and tribades at work topographic point. Finally, it can be concluded that there is some grounds of a glass ceiling for homosexual and sapphic minorities in the UK. However, grounds besides suggests that those homosexuals and tribades employed earn more than mean British male or female. Thus they are supposed to be financially unafraid, the argument is whether the homosexual and sapphic minority is satisfied with what they have achieved so far or they expect a better societal and work topographic point environment to execute better. Word Count: 953

Fibre Reinforced Plastic

Fibre Reinforced Plastic A new and stronger approach is being developed in the quest to have more concrete structures, coupled with the advent of improved composite materials. A new approach that utilizes fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) is at the centre of the ongoing advancements. The FRP method is superior to prior materials since the composite material has better mechanical properties. The FRP, therefore, finds more use in a range of structures, including masonry walls, beams, slabs and columns, among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fibre Reinforced Plastic specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Improving and modifying reinforced concrete structures is usually very challenging for urban developers. The constantly emerging design codes, as well as natural events that lead to wearing out of reinforced concrete structures as a result of environmental exposure alters most concrete structures. Bridges and other civil structures usually presen t a lot of problems when it comes to maintaining, upgrading or rehabilitating them. Making replacements of deteriorated structures is a costly exercise that requires labour and new materials. This drawback is compounded by the fact that replacing these structures disrupts peoples daily lives. Resultantly, it is advisable to do retrofitting as an upgrade option on the structures. When choosing the method for strengthening the structures, one has to consider a number of factors. It is paramount to consider the strength needed for the structure before selecting the strengthening method. Secondly, it is important to consider the change in the stiffness of the member to be strengthened. It is also wise to consider the environmental conditions around the member to be strengthened. Finally, the complexity of the shape of the member should be used to determine the strengthening method to be used. In light of the above considerations, external components are very handy for strengthening conc rete structural members. This requires the use of FRP composite, which is bonded to the tension face. One can also use steel plates for concrete structures. There has been increasing preference for FRP composites as opposed to steel plates as systems for reinforcing concrete. This is because FRP composites have higher strength to weight ratio compared to steel. Moreover, FRP composites can be easily handled and installed. In specific, FRP composites are flexible enough to fit into complex designs. Finally, FRP composites are preferable to steel plates since they are more resistant to environmental conditions.

Three reasons why personal training is the best job for college students

Three reasons why personal training is the best job for college students If you’re a college student, you’ll probably agree when I say that finding a job that lets you balance your schedule around your classes and makes a decent income is really challenging. But what if there was a job that allowed you to work around your own schedule, could bring in upwards of $50 an hour, and could be turned into an actual full-time career? I have good news; there is a career just like this: a certified personal trainer.Here are some of the benefits of becoming a certified personal trainer while you’re in college. 1. Certifications can be earned in a few monthsI know what you’re thinking: â€Å"more classes and coursework while I’m in college? Ugh.† While this is true, think more about the investment you are making in yourself, as well as the flexibility the future will hold, than the prerequisites for getting certified. You also must consider the potential pay of this part-time gig, but we’ll get more into that below.Get ting a nationally accredited personal training certification from a major company like NASM, ACE, or Fitness Mentors can be accomplished in a few short months. You can register for an exam before you go into college (i.e., your summer after high school), while in college, or during summer break and knock out your studies, so they don’t overlap with your regular semesters.Certification will allow you to get a variety of different personal training jobs such as within gyms, as a self-employed trainer, or even on your college campus. Even more beneficial, the skills you’ll learn in exercise science and nutrition will be valuable for your entire life.2. Flexible job marketThere are several places of employment for the certified personal trainer. The most popular of these is obvious: at the gym.But outside of the gym, there are a lot of different places to get a job as a personal trainer. Your college campus may have athlete training programs that you can apply to, but you can also find jobs at retirement communities, local country clubs, condo associations, major hotels, and resorts, at athletic performance centers (outside the college), via online training, and of course, the entrepreneurial route as a self-employed trainer. The list goes on!Depending on your place of employment you may very well be able to train on the days that you have availability. For example, in college, I trained on Tuesdays and Thursdays as well as on the weekends and scheduled my classes on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. I also mixed in a job as a personal trainer at a local gym alongside some private personal training clients.While flexibility is one of the best aspects of a personal training job for a college student, the pay is what is really appealing.3. Personal trainers can work less, and make moreWhen you think of typical college jobs working at the local juice bar or coffee shop, you’re probably lucky if you make $8 an hour. While this may work for some, w hat’s even more appealing about a job as a personal trainer is that you can make considerably more without having to clock in as many hours.The tradeoff is the initial expenses and investment of time in getting certified, but when you read about the potential income, you’ll understand. Take a job at Equinox for example. The personal trainer salary for their lowest tier trainers is $26 an hour. That’s more than double the hourly rate you’d get at a decent entry-level college job and likely to be more than three times what the minimum wage is in your state. At the YMCA, trainers make $15 to $28 per session.It can get even better if you do private personal training. If you run your own personal training business and build your clientele, it’s not uncommon to charge upwards of $50 an hour as an entry-level trainer and more than $100 an hour for a more experienced trainer.You could theoretically make $200 a week and only work four hours. Compare this to working 20 hours at some part-time job and making the same!Work smarter, not harder in collegeAs your parents have probably told you 100 times, â€Å"college is supposed to be one of the best times of your life.† Nobody ever said, â€Å"working in college is the best time of your life,† so why not consider a college job that allows you to make a decent income but also allows you more time for your social life?Consider a job in personal training and how helping people meet their health and wellness goals can also help you reach your personal goals. Learn more about other part-time jobs or search jobs in your area today.About the Author:Eddie Lester is a personal trainer from Los Angeles and the Founder and CEO of Fitness Mentors. With over 10 years of experience and eight different certifications and specializations, as well as multiple years of teaching training at a vocational college, Lester loves sharing his knowledge of practical training experience as well as how to study for PT exams. Lester is the author of Business and Sales: The Guide to Success as a Personal Trainer.

Music Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Music - Research Paper Example It is important to undertake a critical review of the life history of this great female artist in US and the world at large and the relationship with this song. Music has an unaesthetic effect in the life of many people due to its reflective memory captivation and psychological adjustments in the mind of an individual. In analyzing this song and Dolly Parton who composed it, it is imperative that people relate their personal life experiences with the message being conveyed for learning purposes besides social entertainment (Leppert and Susan, 4). The background of Dolly Parton significantly contributed to the composition of this song. It is common to realize that the past of this singer as expressed in the song is similar to any other cases of people in any normal society. It is simply a rhythmic presentation of the ideas which reflects the real life situations of people in the socio-economically diverse society. About Dolly parton This great female global musician of her time was bo rn Dolly Rebecca Parton in 1946 in United States of America. Her great performance skills and outstanding songs composition ability can be traced from her childhood career as a performer. It is important to underline that Dolly parton came from a very humble background with evidently several social factors for basic livelihood missing. They were literally a poor family and grew with her siblings in an economically unfavorable environment with poor clothing as her song â€Å"Cloth of many colors† can attest. During her childhood years, she went to school in tattered clothes that could only be likened to rags from the multicolored fabric composed of enjoined old pieces of cloths by the mother. As she presents in her song, Parton’s future was shaped significantly through her experiences from childhood (Randall, et al, 262). Parton began to release moderately successful singles from the year 1959 to the middle of 1960s which was propelled by her outstanding soprano voice. It is important to note that Parton exploited her voice to give music the taste it has with captivating blend of tonal variations and smooth recitation. Her global prominence came into play from 1967 from her Porter Wagoner’s weekly television featuring performances. This was marked by their joint release of a song â€Å"The Last Thing on My Mind" which hit the top ten charts of the country singles. By the time they called off the partnership, she had already created her own vocal brand and was set to join mainstream county music most of which were successful. This musician is credited with a number of joint releases with top county musicians like Kenny Rodgers and her many other songs remain new every time they are played as if they were released yesterday. The quality of her music is attributed to composure and self-discipline which is manifested in most of her songs. From her humble background, she is one among the few musicians who decide to give back to the society thro ugh charitable works alongside music. Due to her musical exploits she has managed to divert part of her fortunes to promote childhood literacy through her Dollywood project. She is also known to have acted in some movies like Steel Magnolias, Romeo & Juliet, and Straight Talk among others. She boasts of an estimated millions of sales of most of her albums. Most of her songs cut across gender issues, love and social life which fit any age group with deep seated words of wisdom. Parton holds the mantle of selling the highest number of songs raking

Master Dissertation Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Master Dissertation Proposal - Essay Example (Jablonski, 1991) This dissertation proposal is about implementation of a TQM structure through information technology. The industry I have decided to choose for this particular proposal is customer service centers/call centers. Call centers are part of the business where workers answer queries of customer regarding products, services, customer service, etc. nowadays these call centers are outsourced to different organizations and in many cases they are located in different countries to save organization costs. (Bateman et al., 1999) Developed countries have seen rise of call centers outsourcing to other organizations and other countries in the past decade. However there are still loads of issues that the call centers need to overcome in terms of quality of service. (Batt and Moynihan, 2002) A lot of research has been carried out on implementation of TQM in the service industry, however little emphasis has been on use of IT in implementation of TQM. Research has confirmed that implementation of TQM and effective use of IT is far from execution in the service delivery sector. (Yasin et al., 2004) The aim of this research is to identify quality issues in call centers delivery of service and also to recommend a total quality management structure though information technology. The call centers are run and they deliver services which are very much based on IT. However little has been done to bring improvements in the structure. (Au and Choi, 1999) The IT structure is scattered and knowledge sharing is an issue in the industry. (Davenport, 1993) The above mentioned problems come from general perception and experience that customers have from call centers. The aim of this research is two sided; it will focus on both customers and staff of call centers to identify the real problems. The objective is to come up with problems that exist on both sides and then suggest a total quality

Lodox Statscanner X-Ray Unit Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Lodox Statscanner X-Ray Unit - Article Example Lodox Statscanner X-Ray Unit Lodox is a full-body, high-speed digital radiology device used in health care facilities and testing centres to save on time and provide a full x-ray image of the body. The system’s full marketing name is the Lodox Statscan, Xmplr-dr and is a radiotherapy (DR) X-ray system for scanning capable of registering high imaging speeds of upto13 seconds for a six-foot image without the necessity of retakes or stitching of images. The Lodox applies technology that amplifies safety. The design of Lodox meets cost effective expectations of some major customers around the globe. While it saves on time by producing high quality images within a short period, the device does not include imaging films and therefore operates with the use of flash memory, hence, the production of digital images. The usability and advantages of using the Lodox will be showcased and promoted through marketing mix to include product placement, advertising, price promotion, and mass media publicity. The company behind Lodox Statscan, Lodox, projects high economic expectations as few alternative products can compare with Lodox Statscan in terms of usability and the bleeding edge technology. Like most other companies, the appropriate growth strategy for Lodox is to provide a continued supply of quality Lodox Statscanner units to the existing and emerging markets to garner increased market share, worldwide recognition, and effective marketing strategies. In terms of market promotion, besides the initial $10,000 in capital, 20% of revenues coming from sales will stand as reinvestment capitals to acquire 20% market share within each financial year for the five year marketing plan.

Friend GameResearch Essay Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Friend GameResearch Essay - Research Paper Example The automated collection of literature characterizes a sphere, which comprises various forms of digital formats of writing. There are certain authors who come up together owing to sharing a common interest. Nevertheless, whatever is obtainable to everybody else on the internet, as well as the interned, no longer confided their interests to bedroom in the disguise of reading. Friend Game by Lauren Collins remains an appalling article, which explained the sudden suicide of an adolescent girl owing to online bullying. Megan Meier undertook suicide owing to numerous messages sent by Josh Evans, her MySpace friend. He was a fictional character invented by the Meier’s neighbors. Sites of social networking allow persons to write their interests and opinions for the viewership of other persons.Collins states that an individual can project a broader, further confident self, a daring collection of preferred quotations, complaints, music, pleasures, and books. The statement appears to improve the impression that technology has transformed associations through writing by permitting them to becoming more open. Further, Collins states that different from Facebook, MySpace does not need the users to classify themselves with the last and first name, thus there is less illusion that a profile has any direct communication to other individuals. As such, MySpace alo ngside other sites of social networking still permit privacy to their operators, even though the idea of personal connections being dead owing to online social writing could be a means to hiding the exact individuality of a person (Palfrey and Urs 109). The modifications in individual connections through writing resulting from technology have led to persons coming together, despite the absence of privacy. It is essential for persons to gain from technologies in order to improve their ties and communication with other persons. Nevertheless, there remains a great necessity for personalization and

Professional Development and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Professional Development and Management - Essay Example With the growing competitors in the business world, it has become vital for every business to implement steps that would help them in maintaining their competitive position and also facilitate them in attracting more customers towards the business practicing effective product development (Johnson & Kirchain, n.d.). The main objective of this paper is to provide a detailed analysis of the company that would help in to improving their ethical standing and approach to environmental sustainability through product development of the biscuits category of product of the company. Discussion Current Products Desirability Relative to the Market Egyptian Company for Foods commonly acknowledged as BiscoMisr is determined to be one of the well-known local manufactures of biscuits along with confectionary products. The company’s products are also sold under various brand names that mainly comprise cakes, uncoated wafer, chewing gums and cocoa products (Diaspora Interactive Media, Corp., 200 9). It has been recognised that the company has conquered nearly 41% of the biscuit market in Egypt. It has been further viewed that the retail volume growth of biscuit market has slowed down in the nation. It is measured that the growth rate that was 7% in the year 2010 slid down to only 4% in the year 2011 and continued over the first half of the year 2012. The vital reason which has been identified as the key constituent for the slow growth in the biscuits’ market has been the fact that a substantial proportion of customers have started to prefer consuming homemade snacks as they believe it to be healthier (Euromonitor International, 2012). In this regard, it can be stated that the desirability of the product from the part of the consumers is derived upon having a healthy product within affordable cost. Identify Market Opportunities North Africa is recognised to be one of the most preferred destinations amid the others emerging markets globally (Bloomberg L.P., 2013). With in the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry, every organisation is establishing strategies and programmes that would help them to get acclaimed in one of the largest and fastest growing populations in the world i.e. North Africa, resulting in increasing the consumers demand for new goods. Considering the aspect of bakery industry within the nation of Egypt, it has been ascertained that in recent years, the growth of biscuit sale has dropped considerably as people have started to prefer consuming homemade biscuits and cookies as they find it expensive to buy it from the market. Table 1: Egyptian Confectionery Sales by Retail Channel (Bryant Christie Inc., 2009) Such a trend has primarily resulted from the slowdown of the currency value of the nation, making the import of raw materials more expensive and compelling businesses to raise their product price. However, it is worth mentioning that according to an estimation done by Oxford Business Group (2013), 70 to 80 present of the sales in the confectionary market come from products

Technology Impact Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology Impact Paper - Essay Example New Technology Impact Technology is changing more rapidly day by day, that helps the businesses to move further. Particularly in this century many technological developments taken place and carry on happening. However, people do not desire to relinquish following it for the reason that each individual requires to be advanced as well as obtain greatest advantage by implementing it. To accomplish it, it is initiated to utilize in all the area of life. In other words, technology is turning out to be one of the basic and vital parts of life as well as made life impractical to perform anything in the absence of it. On the other hand, it started shaping people’s lives without their management moreover illustrated its enormous influence. Briefly saying, advanced technology has certain consequences in every field and step of the life particularly in business as well as daily life (Todd). Technology Impact on Business and Customer Introduced the new product to customers Technology infl uences business certainly in a lot of aspects; like that improving the way of advertisement or marketing. Primarily, the technological progresses attained during the previous few decades have enormous outcomes on business products introduction or presentation to the customers across the world. Additionally, the technology facilitates to provide effective support on previously sound sales as well as marketing strategy. One of these supports is to offer direct communication among customer along with the business. For example online shopping is one of the new technology based effective approaches of introducing new products to the customers. In this scenario, if a customer pays for something that he purchased then business earns the profits. However, if sales are not made, the corporation yet has an innovative technique of introducing new products to diverse customers. It means that company is doing its marketing through the web based platform. In case of launching new products to the customers across the countrywide the web based platform facilitates in case of collecting information as well as data regarding their customer’s shopping and purchasing behavior in an attempt to build up flourishing association with their clients. Therefore, they are able to recognize what their clients selections are and how to offer them valuable products in an attempt to maintain their loyalty and attract customers worldwide (Todd (Rampur). Ways that add value through new technology to business The new technology has offered more facilities and ways in order to offer better support to the business as well to the customers. Particularly the web based structure such as eCommerce or online business has offered lots of business advantages to the customers. Particularly in case of web based business practice a company is able to enjoy more enhanced support regarding online shopping, imbursement as well as advertisement policies. All these processes require very small number of human resources and expenditures. In addition, all of these aspects definitely lead to more enhanced support for the management of the entire business dealings and transactions (BusinessKnowledgeSource), (Kristina) and (IBM). The new technology based arrangement has as well offered the businesses a better competitive benefit. In case of new and more enhanced

Professional Development and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Professional Development and Management - Essay Example With the growing competitors in the business world, it has become vital for every business to implement steps that would help them in maintaining their competitive position and also facilitate them in attracting more customers towards the business practicing effective product development (Johnson & Kirchain, n.d.). The main objective of this paper is to provide a detailed analysis of the company that would help in to improving their ethical standing and approach to environmental sustainability through product development of the biscuits category of product of the company. Discussion Current Products Desirability Relative to the Market Egyptian Company for Foods commonly acknowledged as BiscoMisr is determined to be one of the well-known local manufactures of biscuits along with confectionary products. The company’s products are also sold under various brand names that mainly comprise cakes, uncoated wafer, chewing gums and cocoa products (Diaspora Interactive Media, Corp., 200 9). It has been recognised that the company has conquered nearly 41% of the biscuit market in Egypt. It has been further viewed that the retail volume growth of biscuit market has slowed down in the nation. It is measured that the growth rate that was 7% in the year 2010 slid down to only 4% in the year 2011 and continued over the first half of the year 2012. The vital reason which has been identified as the key constituent for the slow growth in the biscuits’ market has been the fact that a substantial proportion of customers have started to prefer consuming homemade snacks as they believe it to be healthier (Euromonitor International, 2012). In this regard, it can be stated that the desirability of the product from the part of the consumers is derived upon having a healthy product within affordable cost. Identify Market Opportunities North Africa is recognised to be one of the most preferred destinations amid the others emerging markets globally (Bloomberg L.P., 2013). With in the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry, every organisation is establishing strategies and programmes that would help them to get acclaimed in one of the largest and fastest growing populations in the world i.e. North Africa, resulting in increasing the consumers demand for new goods. Considering the aspect of bakery industry within the nation of Egypt, it has been ascertained that in recent years, the growth of biscuit sale has dropped considerably as people have started to prefer consuming homemade biscuits and cookies as they find it expensive to buy it from the market. Table 1: Egyptian Confectionery Sales by Retail Channel (Bryant Christie Inc., 2009) Such a trend has primarily resulted from the slowdown of the currency value of the nation, making the import of raw materials more expensive and compelling businesses to raise their product price. However, it is worth mentioning that according to an estimation done by Oxford Business Group (2013), 70 to 80 present of the sales in the confectionary market come from products

Corrections Facilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corrections Facilities - Essay Example There is an argument on whether harsh sentences deter offenders from their criminal actions or turn them into more violent and hardened criminals. Incapacitation is another major objective of the correctional system all over the world. The corrections system, by locking up offenders, effectively keeps them off the streets. There is a general agreement that keeping offenders in prisons prevents them from preying on the society. Another goal of the correctional system is making sure that offenders pay a debt to their victims and the society as a whole. This is referred to as restitution. Offenders do this through performing public services such as picking up trash and also contribute financially directly to their victims. This form of punishment has in recent times been emphasized though it can prove difficult to carry out. Deterrence is another important objective of the corrections system. Many people believe that the threat of prison and other punitive measures deter would be offenders from carrying out criminal activities. However, hardened criminals do not seem to fear this threat but go ahead and involve themselves in crim inal activities. ... Rehabilitation seeks to help criminal offenders become upright citizens who can contribute to society in a positive way. Rehabilitating offenders will also ensure that they don't go back to their past criminal way after completing their sentence. Among the goals of the correctional system, rehabilitation is by far the most difficult task. This is so because of various reasons such as: The state of the prisons. Since a prison is designed almost exclusively for criminals, some convicted felons tend to become hardened rather instead of becoming good citizens. This is in contrast to the rehabilitative objective of the correctional system. Some people are considered to be inherently criminal. They have no interest whatsoever in reverting their old ways. (Rothman 29) Is the current system meeting the basic expectations The recent years has seen a sharp increase in the number of offenders being dealt with in the United States correctional system. According to the US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2007, there were over seven million either on probation, on parole or in jail or prison. This is at least 3.2% of the entire adult population. By mid 2008, 1,610,584 Americans were serving their time in jail or prison. (Bureau of Justice) This basically means one thing; the correctional system is not working effectively as it ought to be. Before we hurry to put the blame on the United States Justice System, it is important to note that that general trend is experienced in almost the whole of the rest of the world. There are heated debates nowadays on how to reform the correctional system and the justice system as a whole. The debates take wide ranging

Ancient History Essay Example for Free

Ancient History Essay New research has immensely impacted on our understanding of daily life in both Pompeii and Herculaneum. Experts in archaeology, science and other fields have revealed copious amounts of information about people, buildings and food found in the two cities prior to the eruption in 62 AD. Experts such as Estelle Lazer and Sarah Bisel have assisted in heightening our understanding of the daily life in Pompeii and Herculaneum. From 1986 Estelle Lazer worked on a sample of over 300 individuals who were represented by a collection of disarticulated bone. The techniques of forensic medicine and physical anthropology were used to determine sex, age-at-death, height, signs of disease and population affinities of the victims. The results indicated that almost equal numbers of males and females from all age groups did not manage to escape the town before it was destroyed. Sarah Bisel worked with the bone analysis of the skeletons of Herculaneum to determine and study the lifestyle differences between the social classes present within Herculaneum. She discovered many things about the people of Herculaneum such as the town was a genetically diverse society, children were often malnourished due to the lack of calcium in their teeth and the bodies had high levels of lead. This new information has majorly effected and broadened our understanding of daily life in Pompeii and Herculaneum. The evidence of food in the two towns and the study of these by experts such as Wilhelmina Jashemski and the team of principal researchers known as the Pompeii Food and Drink Project, further develop our knowledge of daily life in these famous towns of Campania. Jashemskis project had the purpose of studying animal and plant remains in order to gain an understanding of the kinds of gardens in and around Pompeii as well as gathering information on the wine and oil industries of the area. By examining soil contours and carbonised plant remains, archaeologists have gained a more accurate picture of produce and ornamental gardens in Pompeii. The purpose of the Pompeii Food and Drink Project was to analyse the patterns of daily life in a non-invasive way to study the structures that are associated with food and drink. The Project has collected many ancient artefacts and information, and answered many questions about the food and drink storage, distribution, preparation, serving, and consumption in Ancient Pompeii. All these sources combine to give us a more acute knowledge of the ancient towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The buildings found in Pompeii and Herculaneum provide extensive information about the lifestyle of people living there. The House of Pompeii Project, started in 1977, had the focus of investigating and salvaging buildings which had been excavated in previous years but had not necessarily been recorded. The two houses that were particularly studied was the House of the Ancient Hunt and the House of the Coloured Capitals. The Project has not uncovered any new information, only recorded findings on certain housing which were either not properly recorded or completely ignored. The Insula of Menander Project had much the same aim as the House of Pompeii Project, in that they were redressing the deficiencies in earlier records. Their main focus, though, was the insula conducted under Amedeo Maiuri. The Project provided a detailed history of the insula showing that there had been frequent building changes over time and that there appeared to be a late appearance of shops and the addition of upper storeys in the last years of the city. The Pompeian Forum Projects main objective was to produce more accurate plans of surviving remains by the use of architectural analysis to widen the understanding of contemporary urban problems. The traditional view that the Forum was a builder’s yard after the 62 AD earthquake was disproved. There was also evidence found of a comprehensive earthquake plan for the Eastern side of the Forum. In Source A we can see how new research has amplified our knowledge of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Through research by Italys National Institute of Optics, it has been discovered that the famous Pompeian red was a colour created from the mixture of yellow paint and the gases from Vesuvius. In conclusion, the impacts of new research and technologies have considerably expatiated our enlightenment of the daily life in Pompeii and Herculaneum. The many sources uncovered and analysed from these towns have been much more useful as a result of developing technology and research. In the years to come, technology will continue to develop, along with more information being discovered and this will result in more and more information being provided about the famous ancient towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Terri Schiavo :: essays research papers

The end of life is inevitable. For most it is for seen and understood what ones final wishes are. Living wills provide those issues in question with answers. What if an individual does not have a living will? Who would be in charge in making final decisions for someone who cannot physically make those decisions? The story of Terri Schiavo brings about many questions that represents moral, ethical, and legal issues. Terri Schiavo collapsed in her home on February 25, 1990. She suffered cardiac arrest and anoxic brain damage. The lack of oxygen to the brain caused major brain damage. The cerebral cortex had been completely destroyed and replaced by cerebrospinal fluid. Her upper brain was estimated to be about 80 percent destroyed. However her brainstem, which is responsible for breathing and heartbeat, was still functioning properly. This allowed Schiavo to survive with the assistance of a feeding tube. Terri Schiavo was diagnosed to be in a Persistent Vegetative State (P.V.S). At the time of Terri Schiavo’s collapse, she was married to Michael Schiavo. Under Florida law, this made Michael Terri’s legal guardian. Terri also had the support of her parents, Bob and Mary Schindler. Michael Schiavo believed that his wife Terri would have never wanted to live life as a vegetable. Since Terri never had a living will, wishing to refuse medical treatment. Michael Schiavo is drawing his conclusion on conversations with his wife before the accident. After three years of ineffective therapy. Michael Schiavo petitioned to discontinue the life support for Terri. Her parents did not agree with Schiavo’s wishes. Bob and Mary Schindler have been battling with Michael Schiavo for over 10 years.

Comparing Marriage in Maria, or the Wrongs of Woman, She Stoops to Conq

Separation between Love and Marriage in Mary the Wrongs of Woman, She Stoops to Conquer and Moll Flanders      Ã‚  Ã‚   Our aim in this paper will be to analyze and discuss the different ways in which love and marriage were dealt with during the eighteenth century and to what extent these two terms were linked together or considered as opposite. To accomplish this matter we are going to focus our attention on several works that are representative from this period and that reflect in an accurate way the social mores and more specifically, marriage conventions and romantic love. Throughout this discussion we will be emphasizing the idea that marriage is represented in these works as an institution completely detached from love and that it pursues more than anything else economic purposes and an rising in the social hierarchy. First of all we should account for the situation of English women during the eighteenth century, that despite several social improvements, continued having less rights or freedom than men within the family and marriage as an institution. Patriarchal forms were still a deep-rooted custom that ruled society, which was male-centered. Marriage was often forced on women as their only way of having a recognized position in society, but at the same time led them to slavery. Women's property could be spent to the discretion of the husband as she was considered, together with all that she owned, a possession of the husband. Significantly relevant is the fact that the convention of marriages arranged by parents was still widely accepted. Evidences of this aspect can be found in Goldsmith's work She Stoops to Conquer. At the very beginning of the play Mr.Hardcastle expresses that he has already chosen a husband for... ...and stability. However, the existence of arranged marriages and consequently the lack of love, turned matrimony into a prison where women were locked. A male-ruled world transformed women into virtual slaves that had no rights, and the cases where marriage was the result of a true and passionate love can be counted for as exceptional. Works Cited Wollstonecraft, M., Mary The Wrongs of Woman, Oxford World's Classics.  Ã‚   (1976) Defoe, D., Moll Flanders (1978) Penguin English Classics.   (1999) Goldsmith, O., She Stoops to Conquer Dover Thrift Editions. (1991) Stone, L. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800, (1979) Pelikan   Ty, E. Unsex'd Revolutionaries: Five Women Novelists of the 1790's.   University of Toronto Press, Toronto.   (1993) Spencer, J., The Rise of the Woman Novelist: From Aphra Behn to Jane Austen Oxford Press (1987)

Summary of the Stanford Prison Experiment

Summary of the Stanford Prison Experiment Nicole Bennett University of Winnipeg The Stanford Prison Experiment involved 24 male college students from North America who volunteered locally through advertisements in newspapers. The volunteers had to be living or staying in the Stanford area, totally healthy – psychologically, mentally, emotionally and physically – as well as willing to participate in the study for around 1-2 weeks. For their participation, volunteers would receive a $15 per day compensation.The Stanford Prison research team relied on outside consultants to help them construct a believable prison in the basement of Stanford's Psychology Department. Their prison contained prison cells, a bathroom, an eating and exercise yard, a solitary confinement room and an intercom system to make announcements to the prisoners. Researchers could observe the guards and also the prisoners using a secretly placed system of video cameras and microphones.Researchers divided the 24 volunteers into two random groups. One group was assigned to be the prison guards while the other group became the prisoners. The volunteers assigned as prisoners learned of their involvement and role through being arrested by real police officers in their homes on campus. What followed was an investigation into human nature. Prisoners experienced extreme degradation, punishment, despair, oppression and depression as they began to wholly believe they were prisoners.The guards took their role quite seriously as they strictly enforced the law and asserted their given power and authority. The Stanford Prison Experiment, which was supposed to last for two weeks, ended after six days when researchers realized that guards were becoming incredibly abusive and that the prisoners were beginning to forget that they were not actual prisoners. What this experiment shows is that we adapt and conform to social roles more easily than thought.

Disaster of Bangladesh

This article is about the distressing incident which took place in Bangladesh where 228 people died in the fall down of eight storey’s Rana Plaza. Rana Plaza had shops, offices and factories crowded with many people. But due to its substandard construction building got collapsed and fell down killing many people. While many of them got trapped and seriously wounded and the Bangladeshi government confirmed a day of national grief.Rana Plaza contained four garment factories which were supplying economical garments to global retailers like Primark and Bonmarchà © with their western customer base. Even it was announced that the building is no safer for work and needs to be evacuated on immediate basis but New Wave workers were forced to work in order to fulfill the orders of Primark and Bonmarchà ©. Initially both British companies accepted that New Wave was among their suppliers and committed to offer the possible support but later on refused to take any kind of responsibility in this regard.In the opinion of retail consultants and other professionals both of the companies are responsible to inspect and monitor the minimum working standards and overall conditions in which their designs and products are being produced as they are earning revenues by selling the same products. The cheap labour and workers who are working in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, SriLanka etc have the similar rights as of western workers and they should be equally acknowledged for their profession and work.Most of the big retailers like Primark, Bonmarchà © are outsourcing their products from under developed countries and their customers are getting benefits too of buying low priced items. The Government of Bangladesh and all under developed countries have to implement strict standards for construction of factories, industrial and commercial buildings in order to avoid such disasters. On the other hand the Governments of big retailers have to impose certain statutory regulations whic h will protect their manufacturers/suppliers in countries like Bangladesh.Lastly consumers have to play their role by using the purchasing power to force big retailers to follow a book of rule. I would like to add similar incidents which happened in the factories, commercial and residential buildings of Pakistan. Garment factories in the Pakistani cities of Karachi and Lahore caught fire on 11 September 2012. The fires occurred in a textile factory in the western part of Karachi and in a shoemaking factory in Lahore.The fires are considered to be the most deadly and worst industrial factory fires in Pakistan's history, killing 257 people and seriously injuring more than 600. The garment factory â€Å"Ali Enterprises†, which is located in Plot 67, Hub Road, Baldia Town, Karachi, used to export its garments to Europe and the United, and had employed between 1,200 and 1,500 workers. Ali Enterprises manufactured denim, knitted garments, and hosiery, and had capital of between $10 million and $50 million.Workers at Ali Enterprises said they earned between 5,000 and 10,000 rupees ($52 to $104) a month for their labour. Margalla Towers Islamabad, Pakistan got collapsed in year 2005. All of these incidents usually take place in developing countries due to the negligence of building owners, lack of construction standards, corruption and lack of governance. Conclusion: The only solution is to build and construct the industrial factories by following international construction standards in order to avoid such disasters.And international retailers should be very careful in selecting their production partners in order to have smooth supply chain function. The most sensible conclusion is to accept that responsibility is shared between companies and consumers. Put simply, all of us have a duty. â€Å"If we want to wear cheap clothes, which are made by people who work in these conditions, then there’s a moral responsibility for us as well as for the brands,â₠¬  says Ms Lissaman. Disaster of Bangladesh This article is about the distressing incident which took place in Bangladesh where 228 people died in the fall down of eight storey’s Rana Plaza. Rana Plaza had shops, offices and factories crowded with many people. But due to its substandard construction building got collapsed and fell down killing many people. While many of them got trapped and seriously wounded and the Bangladeshi government confirmed a day of national grief.Rana Plaza contained four garment factories which were supplying economical garments to global retailers like Primark and Bonmarche with their western customer base. Even it was announced that the building is no safer for work and needs to be evacuated on immediate basis but New Wave workers were forced to work in order to fulfill the orders of Primark and Bonmarche. Initially both British companies accepted that New Wave was among their suppliers and committed to offer the possible support but later on refused to take any kind of responsibility in thi s regard.In the opinion of retail consultants and other professionals both of the companies are responsible to inspect and monitor the minimum working standards and overall conditions in which their designs and products are being produced as they are earning revenues by selling the same products. The cheap labour and workers who are working in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, SriLanka etc have the similar rights as of western workers and they should be equally acknowledged for their profession and work.Most of the big retailers like Primark, Bonmarche are outsourcing their products from under developed countries and their customers are getting benefits too of buying low priced items. The Government of Bangladesh and all under developed countries have to implement strict standards for construction of factories, industrial and commercial buildings in order to avoid such disasters. On the other hand the Governments of big retailers have to impose certain statutory regulations which will pr otect their manufacturers/suppliers in countries like Bangladesh.Lastly consumers have to play their role by using the purchasing power to force big retailers to follow a book of rule. I would like to add similar incidents which happened in the factories, commercial and residential buildings of Pakistan. Garment factories in the Pakistani cities of Karachi and Lahore caught fire on 11 September 2012. The fires occurred in a textile factory in the western part of Karachi and in a shoemaking factory in Lahore.The fires are considered to be the most deadly and worst industrial factory fires in Pakistan's history, killing 257 people and seriously injuring more than 600. The garment factory â€Å"Ali Enterprises†, which is located in Plot 67, Hub Road, Baldia Town, Karachi, used to export its garments to Europe and the United, and had employed between 1,200 and 1,500 workers. Ali Enterprises manufactured denim, knitted garments, and hosiery, and had capital of between $10 million and $50 million.Workers at Ali Enterprises said they earned between 5,000 and 10,000 rupees ($52 to $104) a month for their labour. Margalla Towers Islamabad, Pakistan got collapsed in year 2005. All of these incidents usually take place in developing countries due to the negligence of building owners, lack of construction standards, corruption and lack of governance. Conclusion: The only solution is to build and construct the industrial factories by following international construction standards in order to avoid such disasters.And international retailers should be very careful in selecting their production partners in order to have smooth supply chain function. The most sensible conclusion is to accept that responsibility is shared between companies and consumers. Put simply, all of us have a duty. â€Å"If we want to wear cheap clothes, which are made by people who work in these conditions, then there’s a moral responsibility for us as well as for the brands,† says Ms Lissaman.

The Motorcycle Diaries

It is an irony that the guerrilla Ernesto â€Å"Che† Guevara, one of the most intriguing figures of Latin America, has come to be immortalized as an icon of popular culture—a pin-up, poster boy of sorts that lends face to the mass-produced â€Å"Che† shirts and pins. This massive appeal, however, needs to be rooted in the context of what prompted him to become a revolutionary, to a time before he took up arms and became a legend. Retracing such route to a decisive era in Guevara’s early life is the book â€Å"The Motorcycle Diaries: A Journey Around South America.† The Motorcycle Diaries: A Journey Around South America is the memoir of twenty-three year-old medical student Ernesto Guevara de la Serna when he embarked upon a journey across South America with his older friend Rodrigo Granado. In search for fun and adventure, theirs is a rather grand route that spans Argentina, Chile, Peru, the Peruvian Amazon, Colombia and Venezuela. The two start out aboard a lumbering 1939 Norton 500 motorcycle they named â€Å"La Poderosa† (The Mighty One) which eventually crashes on the way and forces them to travel on foot. Chronological entries in The Motorcycle Diaries detail Ernesto’s narrative of the eight-month journey, in which they initially wanted to seek bourgeois pleasures like getting drunk and getting laid. Early on, they pose as Argentinian leprosy doctors in order to gain accommodations and hospitable treatment from local folks.   Further on the road, Ernesto and Alberto share a series of youthful misadventures, at times committing scams to get themselves by. In an event, Ernesto tries to work as a fireman but sleeps out on the sounding fire alarm so that the building on fire burns down. Even if the diaries present the characters’ bawdy behavior, it more importantly accounts for a great discovery that only such journey can offer them. As they themselves experience poverty and come face-to-face with indigent townsfolk, nameless people whose living conditions sharply contrast the lavish lifestyle they were born into, their view of the world changes. Incidents in the diaries concretely speak of these encounters with social injustice. When Ernesto sees a tuberculosis-stricken woman in her death bed, he realizes how dismal the public health system is. When he tours a copper mine (which has taken lives of miners), he discovers how laborers are famished and unfairly treated. Throughout the trip, not only does Ernesto stumble upon the endemic poverty and subjugation of the peoples across South America. He is also able to make his stand regarding a â€Å"unified Latin America.† A passage in the The Motorcycle Diaries reads Although we are too insignificant to be a spokesman for such a noble cause, we believe, and this journey has only served to confirm this belief, that the division of America into unstable and illusory nations is a complete fiction. We are one single mestizo race with remarkable ethnographical similarities, from Mexico down to the Magellan straits. And so, in an attempt to break free from an all narrow-minded provincialism, I propose a toast to Peru and United America. From various South American sights running parallel to each other, Ernesto sees his ideal of Pan-American unification which he would later brace politically. He maintains that since all of Latin America share a common experience and long history of oppression, hence should they have an integrated movement towards their liberation. (Later in his life, Ernesto demonstrated how he lived up to this ideal, touring across the continent to unite different guerrilla units and revolutionary forces in different countries.) What was originally meant to be a journey for fun and adventure turned out to be the provocation necessary to make a â€Å"revolutionary.†   Immersion and encounters with workers being laid-off and fighting for jobs, starving farmers, and other vestiges of feudal rule on agricultural communities make only a few threads weaving the larger story of oppression that proved strong enough to catapult individuals like Ernesto Guevara to the fray. These experiences caused such indignation in Ernesto, sending him to become the revolutionary who changed the history of South America. Both Alberto (who came back to Argentina to pursue medicine and dedicate his practice for the poor) and Ernesto show that the things they saw from their journey are hard truths—realities often obscured to the upper economic classes but inescapable realities nevertheless, needing to be dealt with actions more forceful than charity. The characters of The Motorcycle Diaries are a testament that revolutionaries are made, not born. The ‘life-changing’ theme that prevails in The Motorcycle Diaries is conveyed by other allegories pertaining to the characters’ awakening. For instance, the river separating the leper colony to the medical staff’s island symbolizes the gap between the powerful and the oppressed. Ernesto’s act of dissolving this symbolic divide is a portent to the way he would later take in his life. Ernesto’s Diaries is written with such vividness and animation, and is punctuated with a range of ordinary human emotions, from mischief and vulgarity to a sense of righteousness and justice. He states even his most roguish actions in a matter-of-fact tone that you would think of â€Å"shooting a puma in the dark of the night† (which turns out to be a neighbor’s dog) as if it is the most natural thing to do.   Even if Ernesto writes The Motorcycle Diaries from his own viewpoint, it does not render him heroically ‘larger-than-life.’ In 2004, a film bearing the same title was made based on the book. There are minor deviations from the book to account for, particularly the omission of several interesting incidents (like shooting of the â€Å"puma† and sneaking inside a shipment of melons, etc.). The film also romanticizes the love angle between Ernesto and his fiancà ©e, which, in the diaries, does not appear to be such a highlight.   Despite these, however, the film is still quite able to introduce the essence of the written memoirs to those who have not read them yet. The Motorcycle Diaries: A Journey Around South America has written down how witnessing concrete forms of social injustice could change a person’s worldview and awaken him from his ignorance and unconscious indifference. At least for the man who later became the revolutionary Che Guevara, the journey even served to fuel his future actions in defiance of the prevailing system he found oppressive. The catchphrase â€Å"Before he changed the world, the world changed him† (promoting the film version of The Motorcycle Diaries) speaks truthfully of the bereted man we see ubiquitously as a pop icon. In turn, the book speaks of demystifying the face behind the shirt and the poster and understanding, from his beginnings, the persona who the powers-that-be, for so long, have come to vilify. Guevara, Che, The Motorcycle Diaries: A Journey Around South America. October 1996. New York: Verso.   

Oral Herpes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Oral Herpes - Essay Example Bridges and Shuman noted that these viruses show up anywhere in the body and can spread even if these sores are not visible. Other conditions, such as general illness, fatigue, physical or emotional stress, immunosuppression, trauma or menstruation bring about the outbreak of HSV-1. Â   Signs and Symptoms of the Disease Herpes simplex virus symptoms appear typically as single or multiple blisters that break and leave tender sores around the mouth or affected area (Bridges). The incubation period for the herpes simplex virus 1 averages from 2 to 12 days and its signs and symptoms lasts from two to three weeks with the following manifestations of fever, tiredness, muscle pain and irritability. At the site of infection, pain, burning, tingling and itching appears prior to the emergence and eruption of sores, bumps or blisters (Bridges). According to Davis, the sequence of eruption of clusters of blisters occurs and eventually breaks down rapidly. These blisters appear as tiny, shallow and gray ulcers on top of a red base; they are crusted or scabbed, dry and yellowish. Davis added that at the onset of appearance of the oral sores at the lips, gums, throat, front of the tongue, inside the cheek and roof of the mouth an intense pain is felt that makes eating and drinking difficult for the patient. In som e cases these sores extend down to the chin and neck area or are swollen mildly and may sometimes bleed in the gums. On the other hand, they are also felt as swollen and painful lymph nodes of the neck. Painful throat with

Are humans superior to animals on the basis of our sophisticated used Essay

Are humans superior to animals on the basis of our sophisticated used of language - Essay Example In other words, while humans use language for various purposes, animals use language for very few purposes. Some animals that are capable of using a language are elephants, fishes, frogs, and monkeys, and bees. Some of these animals produce sounds to communicate. While some communicate using infrasound, some produce ultrasound, and such communication goes beyond human recognition. Otherwise, these animals depend on sign language. However, a look into scholarly works proves that humans have far more superior use of language. To illustrate, according to Gardner, humans use language for four essential purposes as described in his work ‘Frames of mind: the theory of multiple intelligences’. The very first use of language, according to Gardner is to induce an action in other people (17). For example, parents use language to tell their children to go and study; an employer sends a memo to his subordinate to assign a particular duty. In both the cases, the language is used to induce an action. However, if this is the sole purpose of using a language, animals too are capable of effectively using a language. To illustrate, according a study by Savage-Rumbaugh, Rumbaugh and Boysen, a bonobo chimpanzee named Kazi was able to learn as many as 20 words and constructed some sentences (59). That means, primates are capable of learning words and constructing sentences. Thus, they can induce action in others. However, people like Noam Chomsky do not recognize this as effective use of language. According to Chomsky, humans are capable of flying up to 30 feet as they do in Olympics; but, this does not mean that humans are capable of flying as birds are (12). In simple words, to say humans are capable of flight, they should fly for a considerable period of time, a considerable distance, and that too, in various angles and directions. The same is true in the case of language too. Though the

Educational Action Research Annotated Bibliography

Educational Action Research - Annotated Bibliography Example In this attempt, the author employs expositions of ethnography and action research so as to decrease the effect of epistemological cleavage between these two different approaches. Subsequently, the research is more relevant as it involves author’s experience relating to participation in three reception classes. After practically developing this method and its efficacy with the design and approach of new methodological approach in the field of educational research, the authors concludes that the participation in early years education by using the method of participation can be used as a new methodological approach in this field.Dick, B. (2004). Action research literature: Themes and trends. Action Research, 2(4), 425-444. The author has reviewed various action research related books and has developed perspective on the theme and direction of these books. Among finding various themes, the author has found material related to action science, inquiry, system-related approaches and the important aspect of action learning as well in which role and involvement of education, community, health, and organizational developments and subsequent practical applications have been detailed as well. a number of developing themes and trends have been identified including the increase and expansion of action research along with constructive inquiry, participation, involvement of community are those certain factors that have gained currency within the growing context and perspective of action research.

Computer Electronics Warehouse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computer Electronics Warehouse - Essay Example o address how a computer warehouse can be kept operational for computer/laptop along with their accessories through delineating the advantages and the disadvantages of warehouse automation. Moreover, the strategies to be used for optimal utilization of surface area and importance of suppliers in warehousing management would also be determined. Evolution of My Warehouse. My warehouse mission statement is to be consistent in superior delivery through proper management of warehouse and emerging as the United States’ (US) leading retailer of computer/laptop and accessories with a vision of becoming the customers’ first choice through providing a wider range of quality products at best price with superior advice. Being the employers’ prior choice in industry would also be a key mission of the warehouse. The warehouse deals in the products including computer, laptops and accessories which are commonly usable products in office, household along with commercial purposes. Correspondingly, the proper route for distribution of these products will be using land, sea, air and through online which can help in smooth and easy processing. Location of warehouse should be in heavy industrialised area as such equipment requires proper knowledge with proper handing. Besides, the employees should have ample knowledge of w ork and have high experience of working in handling sensitive materials as any mislead in the process of storing could create massive loss to the warehouse operations. Employees should further be sub-divided into various departments with proper warehouse assistants who should be experienced enough in monitoring goods safely and maintaining efficiency with proper records. For a particular section of employees employed in moving various products within the warehouse, any previous experience might not be critical as full training program would be gradually provided to enhance their knowledge about their job role. However, knowledge about the warehouse environment

What's in a Name Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What's in a Name - Essay Example Such a move is described as customer driven since it puts the interests of the customer at the fore front. According to the articles history, most celebrities have found it difficult to find a suitable name for their children. This has made them to adopt funny names that may have an impact in the child’s life. By capitalizing on this situation, Maryanna expects to serve new parents who are unable to come up with good names. In overall, parents and new born are her target market. Maryanna would receive a lot of competition from companies that manufacture baby care products. It is evident that such companies have their own name experts who are charged with the responsibility of naming baby products. Baby products are always required to be in sync with catchy names. Such names may form clues to parents on how to name their children (Osborn, 2009, p.245). By being able to name children on their own, the parents won’t need those services of Maryanna thereby threatening her business. There are other companies that specialize in naming celebrity children. Such companies pose a great challenge to Maryanna since they are engaged in the same line of business. Such situations may lead to one of them diversifying into other fields thereby incurring unwanted costs (Osborn, 2009,

Jesus and Mary Essay Example for Free

Jesus and Mary Essay During the last forty years, there has been an increased desire between Catholics and other Christians to discuss the theological positions that have separated us. The Catholic Church’s teachings on Mary have been a crucial element in the discussions that have taken place. There are many hopeful signs of mutual understanding, including a new appreciation for the Scriptural and Patristic presentations of Mary, as well as the writings, homilies and hymns of the Reformers on Mary. There is a better understanding of what the Catholic Church actually teaches about Mary as well as a better appreciation by Catholics of the theological questions that are raised by other Christians regarding Mary. In this environment, scholars from different traditions have reflected upon Mary’s role as a collaborator of God in salvation history as well as her role in the Communion of Saints. One very significant effort has been that of four Lutheran, four non-Lutheran Protestants and four Catholic Biblical Scholars, which produced the book, Mary in the New Testament, (New York: Paulist, 1978). Other noteworthy ecumenical works on Mary have been: Mary for All Christians by the Anglican theologian, John Macquarrie (1990); Mary through the Centuries, lectures of the noted scholar Jaroslav Pelikan, at Yale University (1996); Mary is for Everyone, papers given at four International Congresses of the Ecumenical Society of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1997); and Blessed One, Protestant Perspectives on Mary, edited by Beverly Roberts Gaventa and Cynthia L. Rigby. In reexamining the writings of the original Reformers, scholars have uncovered more sympathy among the Reformers regarding Mary than succeeding generations may have had, as the divisions hardened between what was Catholic and what was Protestant. Catholics and Protestants might be surprised to learn of Martin Luther’s reverence for Mary, as can be seen in his Commentary on the Magnificat, written in 1521. Between 1983 and 1990, Catholics and Lutheran theologians met to discuss the issues related to intercession, the saints and Mary. The summary of these discussions was published inThe One Mediator, the Saints, and Mary: Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue VII (1992); Since 1937, Protestant pastors and Catholic priests from France and Switzerland have conducted an ongoing dialogue on ecumenical issues. Initially, they first met at the Cistercian abbey of Notre Dame des Dombes, twenty miles north of Lyons, from which came the name of the group. Presently the group consists of twenty Lutheran or Reformed pastors and twenty Catholic priests. They are a private association, which meets yearly. Over the years, they have issued a number of documents on various theological issues. Between 1991 and 1997, they reflected on Mary’s role in salvation. The English edition of their reflections, Mary in the Plan of God and in the Communion of Saints, was printed in 2002. On February 2, 2004, a document was signed by the members of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC), entitled Mary: Grace and Hope in Christ as a statement of the commission which was then submitted to the Pontifical Commission for Promoting Christian Unity and to the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Anglican Consultative Council for further study and evaluation. The document was issued on May 12, 2005, to be used for further study by the churches. It is available on the Vatican website (www.vatican.va) through the Pontifical Council for promoting Christian Unity. While much progress has been made, the efforts at dialogue need to continue. Pope John Paul II, in his Encyclical, Ut Unum Sint, has included the Church’s beliefs about Mary among the five areas where fuller study is needed before there can be consensus in faith.[1] Two of the other areas, which the Pope identifies as principle issues, also relate to Marian dogma: the relationship between Scripture and tradition as well as the role of the Magisterium in teaching and safeguarding the faith.[2] We may ask what we intend to achieve by ecumenism. Is it negotiation by which each group agrees to give up something for the good of accommodating each other? Although some people may assume that this might be the process of ecumenism, the better approach is to strive to seek God’s truth together, wanting to have â€Å"the mind of Christ.† Christian unity will come through humbly seeking the unity that already is in God.[3] Christians who accept the truths of the Trinity and Incarnation must recognize that the Eternal Word was united with human nature in Mary. Mary was the location of the union of the divine and human in the one Person, Jesus. Underlying theological issues related to Marian beliefs: The concerns of non-Catholic Christians about Mary are not related simply to the person of Mary in herself but are related to other fundamental theological truths that served as the basis for the break at the time of the Reformation. Just as there were differences among the reformers there also are differences in the theologies of the various Protestant denominations. There are several key theological concerns which enter into the discussion of Mary. Luther’s approach to the â€Å"Justification† of Mary: Luther views Mary from the perspective of his theological principles by which the human person can never be said to possess any virtuous quality other than faith in the saving power of Jesus. Luther’s teachings on Mary are part of his understanding of the role of the saints in general for him, in which the saints and Mary are examples of what God can do with weak humanity. Luther explains his understanding of Mary within his theology of justification, emphasizing grace: â€Å"Mary also freely ascribes all to Gods grace, not to her merit. For though she was without sin, yet that grace was far too great for her to deserve it in any way. How could a creature deserve to become the Mother of God?†[4] It is noteworthy that Luther speaks of her as being â€Å"without sin.† Luther rejects the notion of merit since he emphasizes that our justification is completely the work of grace. He criticizes Catholic veneration of her as exalting her and so lowering the power of grace. He stresses that Mary does not want us to make an idol of her, stressing her merit, or looking for good things from her but to honor God and have confidence in His grace. [5] The Lutherans in the Lutheran-Catholic Dialogue questioned the practice of attributing virtues other than faith to holy persons based on their conviction that faith alone justifies and that Christ alone makes a person holy: â€Å"In Luthers exposition of the Magnificat, he exalts Mary because she faces her situation by faith alone. An attempt to use Mary or another Christian to extol any other virtue than faith raises the question of undermining living only by faith in Christ.†[6] Luther wrote: â€Å"I say Mary does not desire to be an idol; she does nothing, God does all.†[7] Luthers caution that our attention on Mary should not end with her but be directed to having more confidence in Gods grace may also be understood in a Catholic position. However, Catholics also ascribe all good to God, yet there is a difference in that we believe that God’s grace really changes us and enables to be cooperators with Him in doing good, always relying on His grace. The Catholic position on the way that grace works in our lives was brought out by the Council of Trent: â€Å"Justification consists not only in the forgiveness of sins but also in the sanctification and renewal of the inward being by a willing acceptance of the grace and gifts.† [8] The Council states that while God’s grace initiates and supports any good action, the person can either accept or refuse grace. [9] In 1998, Lutheran and Catholic leaders signed a Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification seeking a greater convergence on the issues of justification. In the Lutheran tradition, God’s initiative is emphasized in justifying us while our response is that of our human freedom moved by grace.[10] If  the acceptance of justification is the first phase, a second phase follows, which is the carrying out of salvation.[11] Luther’s reflection on Mary’s purification in the temple is used by the Dombes Group to locate Mary’s good actions within the experience of being already ‘justified.’ Luther wrote: She was purified†¦although she was not bound by that law and did not need to be purified†¦. She was not justified by this work, but being righteous she did it freely and willingly. So also our works should be done, not that we may be justified by them, since, being justified beforehand by faith, we ought to so all things freely and joyfully for the sake of others.†[12] The Dombes Group seems willing to recognize Mary’s ‘cooperation,’ if it is seen within the perspective of justification by faith. It was because Mary had been justified by grace alone and in faith, that she could be associated with God’s work in Christ. Her ‘cooperation’ was unique in regard to the nature of what she did, for she was the mother of Jesus and raised him. She cooperated in the unique and universal event of salvation. But from the point of view of structure of her status, her ‘cooperation’ was not different from that of every person justified by grace. It was entirely the fruit of the grace of God.[13] As Catholics, we would emphasize both the grace of God in a good action as well as human freedom acting as it is aided by grace. Our cooperation is never separate from God’s help. Issue of human cooperation with God: Karl Barth, from the Reformed or Calvinist perspective, identifies the Catholic teachings on Mary as the prime example of Catholic principle on which â€Å"all their important positions are to be regarded and by which they stand and fall.† Reformed theology emphasizes the principle, sola gratia. According to  Barth, the Catholic teaching on Mary exalts human cooperation: In the doctrine and worship of Mary there is disclosed the one heresy of the Roman Catholic Church which explains all the rest. The mother of God of Roman Catholic Marian dogma is quite simply the principle, type, and essence of the human creature co-operating servantlike (ministerialiter) in its own redemption on the basis of prevenient grace, and to that extent the principle, type and essence of the Church. [14] Barth has accurately noted the relationship Catholics affirm in comparing Mary and the Church, since both the Church and Mary demonstrate creaturely co-operation with grace. He criticizes these Catholic positions on â€Å"creaturely co-operation† which is also related to the role of the church in cooperating with God: Not only does it need Christ, but in all seriousness Christ also needs it. As Mary inevitably co-operates in mans redemption as an intercessory power so does the Church in consummating the sacraments. the Church of the man who co-operates with grace on the basis of grace.[15] In fact, Barth has very accurately identified a fundamental Catholic principle that we cooperate with God. Barth objects to the notion not only of cooperation in good works but also of merit. Actually, the Catholic position is nuanced, taking human cooperation seriously enough to consider that our works are meritorious. Nevertheless, human cooperation has to be seen within the context of the Church’s teachings on the importance of grace in every good work, as Thomas Aquinas explains: â€Å"Man obtains from God as a reward of his operation, what God gave him the power of operation for†[16] John Macquarrie, an Anglican theologian, questions Barths objections by noting that even though ultimately salvation is the work of God, the human person is not a puppet or clay to be molded. As Macquarrie points out, the Marian teaching on the Immaculate Conception, is a clear illustration of salvation as a work of God’s grace since the one being conceived can only receive. Macquarrie points out that during her life Mary had the freedom to respond or not respond to God’s grace: Now it is the human consent and co-operation with God in the work of salvation that come to expression in the career of Mary. Not for a moment can one deny (or would one want to deny) that salvation is from God and is a work of grace, but God does not force His gifts upon us and we can become His covenant partners only if we give our glad and willing assent. [17] As Catholics, we believe, that a woman was preserved from sin by grace, and responded by faith and obedience aided by grace in co-operating in the birth and upbringing of the Son of God. She was made holy by grace but she also freely responded to that grace. As the analogy of Eve/Mary illustrates, Mary’s cooperation was not passive but active. The Dombes Group identified ‘human co-operation’ as an important theological issue. They saw Mary’s cooperation within her relation with the Three Persons of the Trinity: Mary’s ‘cooperation’ is the fruit of an initiative of the Father who looks upon the lowliness of his servant’ (Luke 1:48). It also the fruit of the ‘kenosis’ of the Son who ‘emptied himself†¦and humbled himself’ (Phil 2:7-8). Finally, it is the fruit of the action of the Spirit, who disposes Mary’s heart to be obedient. That is what happened at the moment of her fiat. Mary’s humility is the fruit of the Son’s humility.[18] Intercession: Luther recognizes intercession made to Mary: We ought to call upon her, that for her sake God may grant and do what we request. Thus also all other saints are to be invoked, so that the work may be every way Gods alone.[19] In fact, Luther begins the same homily, asking God to grant him a right understanding: â€Å"†¦through the intercession and for the sake of His dear Mother Mary!†[20] Nevertheless, Luther asserts that we cannot rely on the intercession of another person, â€Å"base your salvation on no other works than those God works in you alone, as you see the Virgin Mary do here. To let the intercessions of others assist you in this is right and proper; we ought all to pray and work for one another. But no one should depend on the works of others, without the works of God in himself.†[21] The Lutheran theologians who took part in the Lutheran-Catholic Dialogue expressed their concern regarding the invocations of the saints and of Mary, which they see as a challenge to the sole mediatorship of Christ, through whom God pours out grace in the Holy Spirit and the â€Å"justifying faith† of the believer.[22] The Lutheran members could accept the saints as examples of Christian life and faith. The Lutherans believe that angels and saints pray for us within the context of Jesus as the one mediator. [23] The Catholic participants in the Lutheran-Catholic Dialogue asserted that the mediation of Mary does not mean that Mary is a source of grace in herself but rather her merciful love is an â€Å"expression and reflection of the mercy of Christ himself.† [24] The Catholic members addressed the question of intercession by saying that Jesus â€Å"is never alone† but is always in the company of His friends, living and dead. Saints illustrate how God’s grace can work in us, they are patterns of holiness and they pray for us. In the Catholic view, we are bonded with millions of other believers throughout the world and throughout time. Those who have preceded us in faith are still connected with us.[25] Catholics see the practice of invoking the saints as an extension of the New Testament practice of intercession (Rom 15:30-32; 2 Cor 1:11; Eph 4:19; Col 4:3) and of the prayer of the righteous (Jas 5:16). Those in heaven have a heightened charity towards those on earth. Marys intercession has exception power because of her divine motherhood. It was recognized that â€Å"prayer† was being used in a broad sense when  directed to Mary and the saints. Protestants had no difficulty with â€Å"praise’ directed to God for the works God has done in Mary. This could even be seen as being done with Mary. For Catholics, intercession was seen as a form of communion. Catholics recognized there have been excesses in Marian piety, which have not been curbed by the Church’s leaders. Nevertheless, the most frequent invocation is to ask Mary to â€Å"pray for us, † in a similar way as the saints are asked to pray for us.[26] Catholics and Protestants agreed that Mary should be honored and God should be praised for the graces given to her. She should be imitated and we should unite ourselves in praising the Father through her. The Protestants were reluctant to invoke her whereas Catholics entrust themselves to her prayers.[27] The Anglican-Catholic Dialogue acknowledged that the English Reformers rejected the notion of the invocation of saints yet the Council of Trent reaffirmed it, emphasizing as it did so that such requests were made to God, â€Å"through his Son our Lord Jesus Christ, who is our sole redeemer and savior† (DS 1821).[28] The Anglican-Catholic document recognized that all ministries in the church, especially those of word and sacrament, mediate the grace of God through human beings. These ministries serve the mediation of Christ and have their power in it. Asking prayers of our brothers and sisters does not diminish the mediatorship of Christ but shows its power through the Spirit.[29] In the experience of communion of prayer, we are aware of the support of those living and dead. With this understanding, it seems that asking saints for prayers is not to be seen as â€Å"unscriptural,† although not directly taught by the scriptures as a required element. Our prayers are not addressed to the saints, but they are asked to pray for us, though this should not be done in a manner that blurs the Trinitarian economy of grace.[30] The authors of the Anglican-Catholic document state: â€Å"Affirming  together unambiguously Christ’s unique mediation, which bears fruit in the life of the Church, we do not consider the practice of asking Mary and the saints to pray for us as communion dividing.†[31]